refrain

Who acts: he, verse, Joseph, them, man · What happens: stop, do, hold back, use, wash, come out · To what, where: yourself, something, old usage, face, himself, bread · Speech: someone speaks here

«refrain» in the Early Modern English dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: refrain in the Early Modern English dictionary.

Meaning 1

To stop yourself from doing something; to hold back; in old usage also used with "himself".

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 stop	mark
2	stop	stop	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 hold	advcl
3	yourself	yourself	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	2 stop	obj
4	from	from	SCONJ	_	5 doing	mark
5	doing	do	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 stop	advcl
6	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	5 doing	obj
7	;	;	PUNCT	_	9 hold	punct
8	to	to	PART	_	9 hold	mark
9	hold	hold	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	back	back	ADV	_	9 hold	advmod
11	;	;	PUNCT	_	16 used	punct
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 usage	case
13	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 usage	amod
14	usage	usage	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 used	obl
15	also	also	ADV	_	16 used	advmod
16	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 hold	parataxis
17	with	with	ADP	_	19 himself	case
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	19 himself	punct
19	himself	himself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	16 used	obl
20	"	"	PUNCT	_	16 used	punct
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 hold	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	stop	to-infinitive	yourself			vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality yourself=Eventuality
2	do	gerund	something			vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality
3	hold back	to-infinitive				vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	use	participle		old usage	with himself = he	vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Example 1

And he washed his face, and came out; and he refrained himself, and said: 'Set on bread.'

From Torah GEN.43.31, JPS 1917.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	And	and	CCONJ	_	3 washed	cc
2	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 washed	nsubj
3	washed	wash	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	17 said	advcl
4	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 face	nmod:poss
5	face	face	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 washed	obj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 came	punct
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 came	cc
8	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 washed	conj
9	out	out	ADV	_	8 came	advmod
10	;	;	PUNCT	_	13 refrained	punct
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 refrained	cc
12	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 refrained	nsubj
13	refrained	refrain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 washed	conj
14	himself	himself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	13 refrained	obj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 said	punct
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 said	cc
17	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
18	:	:	PUNCT	_	20 Set	punct
19	'	'	PUNCT	_	20 Set	punct
20	Set	set	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	17 said	ccomp
21	on	on	ADP	_	22 bread	case
22	bread	bread	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 Set	obl
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	20 Set	punct
24	'	'	PUNCT	_	20 Set	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	wash	past	he	his face			vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent face=Patient
2	come out	past	he not said here			out property	vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient
3	refrain	past	he	himself = he			tree rules
4	say speech: assert	past					vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
5	set	participle			bread		vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on bread=Destination

Example 2

Every verse ended with this refrain,--

From Fairy Tales of Hans Christian Andersen.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	2 verse	det
2	verse	verse	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ended	nsubj
3	ended	end	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	6 refrain	case
5	this	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 refrain	det
6	refrain	refrain	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ended	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 refrain	punct
8	--	--	PUNCT	_	3 ended	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	end	past	every verse					with this refrain	vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality PP.subeventuality»: agent=Affector with refrain=Subeventuality

Example 3

Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood by him; and he cried: 'Cause every man to go out from me.' And there stood no man with him, while Joseph made himself known unto his brethren.

From Torah GEN.45.1, JPS 1917.

Sentence 1: Then Joseph could not refrain himself before all them that stood by him; and he cried: 'Cause every man to go out from me.'

The tree, 24 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	5 refrain	advmod
2	Joseph	Joseph	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 refrain	nsubj
3	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 refrain	aux
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 refrain	advmod
5	refrain	refrain	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	himself	himself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	5 refrain	obj
7	before	before	ADP	_	8 all	case
8	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	5 refrain	obl
9	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 stood	nsubj
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 stood	nsubj
11	stood	stand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	8 all	acl:relcl
12	by	by	ADP	_	13 him	case
13	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 stood	obl
14	;	;	PUNCT	_	17 cried	punct
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 cried	cc
16	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	17 cried	nsubj
17	cried	cry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 refrain	parataxis
18	:	:	PUNCT	_	20 Cause	punct
19	'	'	PUNCT	_	20 Cause	punct
20	Cause	cause	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	17 cried	conj
21	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	22 man	det
22	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 Cause	obj
23	to	to	PART	_	24 go	mark
24	go	go	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 Cause	xcomp
25	out	out	ADV	_	24 go	advmod
26	from	from	ADP	_	27 me	case
27	me	I	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	24 go	obl
28	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 refrain	punct
29	'	'	PUNCT	_	5 refrain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	not refrain	could	Joseph	Joseph	before all; then		tree rules
2	stand	past	them = they			by Joseph	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent by he=Location
3	cry speech: express	past	Joseph				vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
4	cause	infinitive	Joseph not said here	every man			tree rules
5	go out	to-infinitive	every man not said here			from me; out property	vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Sentence 2: And there stood no man with him, while Joseph made himself known unto his brethren.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	And	and	CCONJ	_	3 stood	cc
2	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	3 stood	expl
3	stood	stand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	5 man	det
5	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stood	obj
6	with	with	ADP	_	7 him	case
7	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 man	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 made	punct
9	while	while	SCONJ	_	11 made	mark
10	Joseph	Joseph	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 made	nsubj
11	made	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 stood	conj
12	himself	himself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	11 made	obj
13	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 made	xcomp
14	unto	unto	ADP	_	16 brethren	case
15	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	16 brethren	nmod:poss
16	brethren	brethren	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 known	obl
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 stood	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	stand	past		no man	there	with man	vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer man=Stimulus
2	make	past	Joseph	Joseph			tree rules
3	know	participle	Joseph not said here			unto Joseph's brethren	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer

Text: the Early Modern English dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova; its examples quote public-domain texts. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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