Language manuals

This folder is an open reference grammar of modern standard English, written for Mova and for anyone who reads Mova's code. It describes the language as it is spoken and written today, with notes on the main national varieties and on the older forms that still turn up in the texts Mova reads (the King James Bible,

A reference manual of the English of about 1500–1700 and of the biblical register that continues it — the King James Bible (1611), the JPS 1917 Tanakh, Shakespeare, and the old voice of 19th-century fairy tales — written for Mova: what each feature is, how it differs from modern English, how Mova parses it today, where

This is an open, complete reference grammar of Biblical Hebrew (ISO 639-3 hbo, Ancient Hebrew), with a chapter on Mishnaic Hebrew (hbo-x-mishnaic) and one comparing both with Modern Hebrew. It is written for two readers at once: a person who wants to read the Torah in Hebrew, and Mova, whose tools read the

An open reference manual of Modern (Israeli) Hebrew — עברית ivrit — written for Mova, the small transparent language model. It describes the language as it is written and spoken today: the script and its spelling rules, the sounds, the noun and the verb, prepositions and particles, syntax, the lexicon and its reg

This folder is two things at once:

The literary Aramaic of the two "official" targums of the Babylonian Jewish tradition: Targum Onkelos to the Torah and Targum Jonathan to the Prophets. It is the Aramaic most Jews have read most often, because Onkelos is printed beside the Hebrew in every rabbinic Bible (Miqraot Gedolot) and the Talmud requir

The Zohar (סֵפֶר הַזֹּהַר, "the Book of Radiance") is the central work of Jewish Kabbalah: a large body of mystical commentary on the Torah, the Song of Songs and Ruth, written for the most part in Aramaic. It appeared in Castile in the last decades of the 13th century. Its Aramaic is not a spoken dialect of an

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (JPA), also called Galilean Aramaic, is the Western Aramaic of the Jews of the Land of Israel in the Roman and Byzantine periods (3rd–8th c. CE). It is the language of the Jerusalem Talmud (the Yerushalmi), of the Aramaic parts of the classical Palestinian midrashim (Genesis Rabba

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (JBA) is the Aramaic of the Jews of Mesopotamia in the Sasanian and early Islamic periods (3rd–11th c. CE): the language of the Babylonian Talmud (the Bavli), of the geonic responsa and halakhic works, of the Aramaic incantation bowls written by and for Jews, and of the legal formulas