downward

Who acts: Downward, ball, path, Gravity, graph, you · What happens: mean, move, point, go down, roll, slope · To what, where: objects, downward trend, face, mat, remnant, root

«downward» in the English dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: downward in the English dictionary.

Everyday, meaning 1

Downward means moving or pointing towards a lower place.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Downward	downward	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 means	nsubj
2	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	moving	move	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 means	xcomp
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 pointing	cc
5	pointing	point	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 moving	conj
6	towards	towards	ADP	_	9 place	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 place	det
8	lower	low	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	9 place	amod
9	place	place	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 pointing	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Downward		vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	move not said to happen	gerund	Downward not said here		vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
3	point	gerund	Downward not said here	towards a lower place	vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent towards place=Recipient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Everyday, meaning 2

Downward means going down in amount, as in a downward trend.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Downward	downward	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 means	nsubj
2	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	going	go	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 means	xcomp
4	down	down	ADV	_	3 going	advmod
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 amount	case
6	amount	amount	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 going	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 trend	punct
8	as	as	ADP	_	12 trend	case
9	in	in	ADP	_	12 trend	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 trend	det
11	downward	downward	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 trend	amod
12	trend	trend	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 going	obl
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Downward						vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	go down not said to happen	gerund	Downward not said here					as a downward trend; in amount; down property	vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in amount=Attribute

Example 1

The ball rolled downward.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 ball	det
2	ball	ball	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 rolled	nsubj
3	rolled	roll	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	downward	downward	ADV	_	3 rolled	advmod
5	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 rolled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	roll	past	the ball					downward property	vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 2

The path slopes downward to the beach.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 path	det
2	path	path	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 slopes	nsubj
3	slopes	slope	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	downward	downward	ADV	_	3 slopes	advmod
5	to	to	ADP	_	7 beach	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 beach	det
7	beach	beach	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 slopes	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 slopes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	slope	present	the path					to the beach; downward property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 3

Gravity pulls objects downward.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Gravity	gravity	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pulls	nsubj
2	pulls	pull	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	objects	object	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 pulls	obj
4	downward	downward	ADV	_	2 pulls	advmod
5	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 pulls	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull	present	Gravity	objects				downward property	vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent object=Theme

Example 4

The graph shows a downward trend in sales.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 graph	det
2	graph	graph	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shows	nsubj
3	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 trend	det
5	downward	downward	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 trend	amod
6	trend	trend	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shows	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	8 sales	case
8	sales	sale	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 trend	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 shows	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present	the graph	a downward trend				in sales	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent trend=Patient in sale=Topic

Example 5

Lie face downward on the mat.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lie	lie	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	face	face	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Lie	obj
3	downward	downward	ADV	_	1 Lie	advmod
4	on	on	ADP	_	6 mat	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 mat	det
6	mat	mat	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Lie	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Lie	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	lie	imperative	you not said here	face		the mat		downward property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location face=Theme

Example 6

Prices are moving downward this month.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Prices	price	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 moving	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 moving	aux
3	moving	move	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
4	downward	downward	ADV	_	3 moving	advmod
5	this	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	6 month	det
6	month	month	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 moving	obl:unmarked
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 moving	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move	present · progressive	Prices				month	downward property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme

Example 7

Still the young man moved slowly downward.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Still	still	ADV	_	5 moved	advmod
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 man	det
3	young	young	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 man	amod
4	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 moved	nsubj
5	moved	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	7 downward	advmod
7	downward	downward	ADV	_	5 moved	advmod
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 moved	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move	past	the young man				still	downward property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme

Example 8

And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall again take root downward, and bear fruit upward. (Prophets 2KI.19.30, JPS 1917)

Sentence 1: And the remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah shall again take root downward, and bear fruit upward.

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	And	and	CCONJ	_	14 take	cc
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 remnant	det
3	remnant	remnant	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 take	nsubj
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 escaped	nsubj:pass
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 escaped	aux:pass
6	escaped	escape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 remnant	acl:relcl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 house	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 house	det
9	house	house	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 escaped	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 Judah	case
11	Judah	Judah	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 house	nmod
12	shall	shall	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 take	aux
13	again	again	ADV	_	14 take	advmod
14	take	take	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
15	root	root	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 take	obj
16	downward	downward	ADV	_	14 take	advmod
17	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 fruit	punct
18	and	and	CCONJ	_	20 fruit	cc
19	bear	bear	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 fruit	compound
20	fruit	fruit	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 take	parataxis
21	upward	upward	ADV	_	20 fruit	advmod
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	14 take	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	escape	present · passive		the remnant				of the house of Judah	vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Initial_Location
2	take	shall	the remnant	root			again	bear fruit parataxis; downward property	vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent root=Theme

Sentence 2: (Prophets 2KI.19.30, JPS 1917)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Prophets	punct
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	2KI.19.30	2KI.19.30	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	2 Prophets	flat
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 1917	punct
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 1917	nmod:unmarked
6	1917	1917	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 2KI.19.30	conj
7	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Prophets	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 9

Who knoweth the spirit of man whether it goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast whether it goeth downward to the earth? (Writings ECC.3.21, JPS 1917)

Sentence 1: Who knoweth the spirit of man whether it goeth upward, and the spirit of the beast whether it goeth downward to the earth?

The tree, 23 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	2 knoweth	nsubj
2	knoweth	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Style=Arch Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 spirit	det
4	spirit	spirit	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 knoweth	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 man	case
6	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 spirit	nmod
7	whether	whether	SCONJ	_	9 goeth	mark
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 goeth	nsubj
9	goeth	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Style=Arch Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 knoweth	advcl
10	upward	upward	ADV	_	9 goeth	advmod
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 spirit	punct
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	14 spirit	cc
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 spirit	det
14	spirit	spirit	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 knoweth	conj
15	of	of	ADP	_	17 beast	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 beast	det
17	beast	beast	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 spirit	nmod
18	whether	whether	SCONJ	_	20 goeth	mark
19	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	20 goeth	nsubj
20	goeth	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Style=Arch Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 knoweth	advcl
21	downward	downward	ADV	_	20 goeth	advmod
22	to	to	ADP	_	24 earth	case
23	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	24 earth	det
24	earth	earth	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 goeth	obl
25	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 knoweth	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	know	present		the spirit of man		Who nsubj	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer spirit=Stimulus
2	go	present	spirit			upward property	vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	go	present	spirit		the earth	downward property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to earth=Initial_Location

Sentence 2: (Writings ECC.3.21, JPS 1917)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct
2	Writings	writing	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	ECC.3.21	ECC.3.21	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Writings	appos
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 JPS	punct
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 ECC.3.21	flat
6	1917	1917	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 ECC.3.21	flat
7	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Writings	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 10

Then I beheld, and lo a likeness as the appearance of fire: from the appearance of his loins and downward, fire; and from his loins and upward, as the appearance of brightness, as the colour of electrum. (Prophets EZK.8.2, JPS 1917)

Sentence 1: Then I beheld, and lo a likeness as the appearance of fire: from the appearance of his loins and downward, fire; and from his loins and upward, as the appearance of brightness, as the colour of electrum.

The tree, 37 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	3 beheld	advmod
2	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 beheld	nsubj
3	beheld	behold	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 likeness	punct
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 likeness	cc
6	lo	lo	INTJ	_	8 likeness	discourse
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 likeness	det
8	likeness	likeness	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 beheld	obl
9	as	as	ADP	_	11 appearance	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 appearance	det
11	appearance	appearance	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 likeness	nmod
12	of	of	ADP	_	13 fire	case
13	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 appearance	nmod
14	:	:	PUNCT	_	17 appearance	punct
15	from	from	ADP	_	17 appearance	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 appearance	det
17	appearance	appearance	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 beheld	obl
18	of	of	ADP	_	20 loins	case
19	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	20 loins	nmod:poss
20	loins	loin	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 appearance	nmod
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	22 downward	cc
22	downward	downward	ADV	_	20 loins	conj
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	24 fire	punct
24	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 loins	conj
25	;	;	PUNCT	_	29 loins	punct
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	29 loins	cc
27	from	from	ADP	_	29 loins	case
28	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	29 loins	nmod:poss
29	loins	loin	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 beheld	parataxis
30	and	and	CCONJ	_	31 upward	cc
31	upward	upward	ADV	_	29 loins	conj
32	,	,	PUNCT	_	35 appearance	punct
33	as	as	ADP	_	35 appearance	case
34	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	35 appearance	det
35	appearance	appearance	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 loins	conj
36	of	of	ADP	_	37 brightness	case
37	brightness	brightness	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 appearance	nmod
38	,	,	PUNCT	_	41 colour	punct
39	as	as	ADP	_	41 colour	case
40	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	41 colour	det
41	colour	colour	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 loins	conj
42	of	of	ADP	_	43 electrum	case
43	electrum	electrum	NOUN	Number=Sing	41 colour	nmod
44	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 beheld	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	behold	past	I	a likeness as the appearance of fire		the appearance of his loins and fire	then	his loins and the appearance of brightness and the colour of electrum parataxis	vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer

Sentence 2: (Prophets EZK.8.2, JPS 1917)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Prophets	punct
2	Prophets	prophet	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	EZK.8.2	EZK.8.2	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Prophets	appos
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 JPS	punct
5	JPS	JPS	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 EZK.8.2	flat
6	1917	1917	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	3 EZK.8.2	flat
7	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 Prophets	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the English dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader, each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/english/D/downward/

📖 downward

Everyday, meaning 1

Everyday, meaning 2

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

Example 4

Example 5

Example 6

Example 7

Example 8

Example 9

Example 10

downward