cuneiform

Who acts: Cuneiform, cuneiform characters, Sumerians, Cuneiform marks, Scribes, cuneiform tablets · What happens: be, make, shape, press, use, describe · To what, where: one, small shaped marks, wet clay, ancient Mesopotamia, something, wedge

«cuneiform» in the Judaism dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cuneiform in the Judaism dictionary.

Meaning 1

Cuneiform is one of the oldest kinds of writing in the world, made of small wedge-shaped marks pressed into wet clay with a reed, first used in ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq) over 5,000 years ago.

The tree, 36 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 one	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 one	cop
3	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	7 kinds	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 kinds	det
6	oldest	old	ADJ	Degree=Sup	7 kinds	amod
7	kinds	kind	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 one	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 writing	case
9	writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 kinds	nmod
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 world	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 world	det
12	world	world	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 writing	nmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 made	punct
14	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 one	parataxis
15	of	of	ADP	_	20 marks	case
16	small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	20 marks	amod
17	wedge	wedge	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 shaped	compound
18	-	-	PUNCT	_	17 wedge	punct
19	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	20 marks	amod
20	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 made	obl
21	pressed	press	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	20 marks	acl
22	into	into	ADP	_	24 clay	case
23	wet	wet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 clay	amod
24	clay	clay	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 pressed	obl
25	with	with	ADP	_	27 reed	case
26	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	27 reed	det
27	reed	reed	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 pressed	obl
28	,	,	PUNCT	_	30 used	punct
29	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	30 used	advmod
30	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	20 marks	acl
31	in	in	ADP	_	33 Mesopotamia	case
32	ancient	ancient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 Mesopotamia	amod
33	Mesopotamia	Mesopotamia	PROPN	Number=Sing	30 used	obl
34	(	(	PUNCT	_	36 Iraq	punct
35	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	36 Iraq	advmod
36	Iraq	Iraq	PROPN	Number=Sing	33 Mesopotamia	appos
37	)	)	PUNCT	_	36 Iraq	punct
38	over	over	ADV	_	39 5,000	advmod
39	5,000	5000	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	40 years	nummod
40	years	year	NOUN	Number=Plur	41 ago	obl:unmarked
41	ago	ago	ADV	_	30 used	advmod
42	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 one	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Cuneiform	one		of the oldest kinds of writing in the world	tree rules
2	make	participle				of small shaped marks	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
3	shape	participle					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
4	press	participle		small shaped marks not said here	wet clay	with a reed	vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent into clay=Trajectory
5	use	participle		small shaped marks not said here	ancient Mesopotamia	ago, first property	vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

Cuneiform describes something shaped like a wedge, or written in this script.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 describes	nsubj
2	describes	describe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	2 describes	obj
4	shaped	shape	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 something	acl
5	like	like	ADP	_	7 wedge	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 wedge	det
7	wedge	wedge	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 shaped	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 written	punct
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 written	cc
10	written	write	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 wedge	acl
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 script	case
12	this	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	13 script	det
13	script	script	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 written	obl
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 describes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	describe	present	Cuneiform	something			vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent something=Theme
2	shape	participle				like a wedge	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset
3	write	participle		a wedge not said here	this script		vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in script=Destination

Example 1

Similarly, all cuneiform characters originated from two symbols Y < those for one and ten. (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

Sentence 1: Similarly, all cuneiform characters originated from two symbols Y < those for one and ten.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Similarly	similarly	ADV	_	5 characters	advmod
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Similarly	punct
3	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	5 characters	det
4	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 characters	compound
5	characters	character	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	originated	originate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 characters	acl
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 symbols	case
8	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 symbols	nummod
9	symbols	symbol	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 originated	obl
10	Y	Y	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 originated	obl
11	<	<	PUNCT	_	12 those	punct
12	those	that	PRON	Number=Plur PronType=Dem	5 characters	conj
13	for	for	ADP	_	14 one	case
14	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	12 those	nmod
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 ten	cc
16	ten	ten	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	14 one	conj
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 characters	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	originate	participle	all cuneiform characters not said here	Y		two symbols			vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Sentence 2: (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

The tree, 12 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 Mordell	punct
2	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 Origin	punct
4	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 Origin	det
5	Origin	Origin	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Mordell	appos
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 Letters	case
7	Letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 Origin	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 Numerals	cc
9	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 Letters	conj
10	according	accord	VERB	ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 Sefer	case
11	to	to	ADP	_	10 according	fixed
12	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Mordell	nmod
13	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 Sefer	flat
14	(	(	PUNCT	_	15 1914	punct
15	1914	1914	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	2 Mordell	list
16	))	))	PUNCT	_	2 Mordell	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accord	gerund							vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent

Example 2

Did it spring from the Egyptian liioro- fflyphics, or from the cuneiform systems of the Assyrians, or from the hieroglyphics of the Hittites, or from the Syllabary (Mordell, The Origin of Letters and Numerals according to Sefer Yetzirah (1914))

The tree, 39 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Did	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	1 Did	obj
3	spring	spring	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Did	obl:unmarked
4	from	from	ADP	_	9 fflyphics	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 fflyphics	det
6	Egyptian	Egyptian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 fflyphics	amod
7	liioro	liioro	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 fflyphics	compound
8	-	-	PUNCT	_	7 liioro	punct
9	fflyphics	fflyphics	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Did	obl
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 Assyrians	punct
11	or	or	CCONJ	_	18 Assyrians	cc
12	from	from	ADP	_	15 systems	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 systems	det
14	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 systems	compound
15	systems	system	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 Assyrians	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	18 Assyrians	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 Assyrians	det
18	Assyrians	Assyrian	PROPN	Number=Plur	1 Did	parataxis
19	,	,	PUNCT	_	23 hieroglyphics	punct
20	or	or	CCONJ	_	23 hieroglyphics	cc
21	from	from	ADP	_	23 hieroglyphics	case
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 hieroglyphics	det
23	hieroglyphics	hieroglyphic	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 Assyrians	appos
24	of	of	ADP	_	26 Hittites	case
25	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	26 Hittites	det
26	Hittites	Hittite	PROPN	Number=Plur	23 hieroglyphics	nmod
27	,	,	PUNCT	_	31 Syllabary	punct
28	or	or	CCONJ	_	31 Syllabary	cc
29	from	from	ADP	_	31 Syllabary	case
30	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	31 Syllabary	det
31	Syllabary	Syllabary	PROPN	Number=Sing	18 Assyrians	nmod
32	(	(	PUNCT	_	33 Mordell	punct
33	Mordell	Mordell	PROPN	Number=Sing	31 Syllabary	conj
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	36 Origin	punct
35	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	36 Origin	det
36	Origin	Origin	PROPN	Number=Sing	31 Syllabary	conj
37	of	of	ADP	_	38 Letters	case
38	Letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	36 Origin	nmod
39	and	and	CCONJ	_	40 Numerals	cc
40	Numerals	numeral	NOUN	Number=Plur	38 Letters	conj
41	according	accord	VERB	ExtPos=ADP Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	43 Sefer	case
42	to	to	ADP	_	41 according	fixed
43	Sefer	Sefer	PROPN	Number=Sing	38 Letters	nmod
44	Yetzirah	Yetzirah	PROPN	Number=Sing	43 Sefer	flat
45	(	(	PUNCT	_	46 1914	punct
46	1914	1914	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	31 Syllabary	list
47	))	))	PUNCT	_	46 1914	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do	past		it		the Egyptian liioro fflyphics	spring		vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality
2	accord	gerund							vn future_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent

Example 3

The Sumerians wrote in cuneiform on clay tablets.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Sumerians	det
2	Sumerians	Sumerian	PROPN	Number=Plur	3 wrote	nsubj
3	wrote	write	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 cuneiform	case
5	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 wrote	obl
6	on	on	ADP	_	8 tablets	case
7	clay	clay	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 tablets	compound
8	tablets	tablet	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 wrote	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 wrote	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	write	past	the Sumerians			cuneiform		on clay tablets	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in cuneiform=Destination

Example 4

Cuneiform marks look like tiny triangles and lines.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 marks	compound
2	marks	mark	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 look	nsubj
3	look	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	like	like	ADP	_	6 triangles	case
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 triangles	amod
6	triangles	triangle	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 look	obl
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 lines	cc
8	lines	line	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 triangles	conj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 look	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	look	present	Cuneiform marks					like tiny triangles and lines	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus

Example 5

Scribes pressed a reed into wet clay to write cuneiform.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Scribes	scribe	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 pressed	nsubj
2	pressed	press	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 reed	det
4	reed	reed	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pressed	obj
5	into	into	ADP	_	7 clay	case
6	wet	wet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 clay	amod
7	clay	clay	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 pressed	obl
8	to	to	PART	_	9 write	mark
9	write	write	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 pressed	advcl
10	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 write	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 pressed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	press	past	Scribes	a reed		wet clay			vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent reed=Theme
2	write	to-infinitive	Scribes not said here	cuneiform					vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cuneiform=Theme

Example 6

Some cuneiform tablets are lists of sheep and barley.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	3 tablets	det
2	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 tablets	compound
3	tablets	tablet	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 lists	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 lists	cop
5	lists	list	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 sheep	case
7	sheep	sheep	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 lists	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 barley	cc
9	barley	barley	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 sheep	conj
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 lists	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	some cuneiform tablets	lists				of sheep and barley	tree rules

Example 7

We tried writing our names in cuneiform with lollipop sticks and clay.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 tried	nsubj
2	tried	try	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	writing	write	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 tried	xcomp
4	our	our	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 names	nmod:poss
5	names	name	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 writing	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 cuneiform	case
7	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 writing	obl
8	with	with	ADP	_	10 sticks	case
9	lollipop	lollipop	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 sticks	compound
10	sticks	stick	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 cuneiform	nmod
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 clay	cc
12	clay	clay	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 sticks	conj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 tried	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	try	past	We			vn try-61.1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
2	write not said to happen	gerund	We not said here	our names	cuneiform with lollipop sticks and clay	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in cuneiform=Destination
3	name		our			nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent

Example 8

The British Museum has thousands of cuneiform tablets.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 Museum	det
2	British	British	PROPN	_	3 Museum	compound
3	Museum	Museum	PROPN	Number=Sing	4 has	nsubj
4	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 has	obj
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 tablets	case
7	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 tablets	compound
8	tablets	tablet	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 thousands	nmod
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 has	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	the British Museum	thousands of cuneiform tablets					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thousand=Patient

Example 9

Experts can now read cuneiform.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Experts	expert	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 read	nsubj
2	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 read	aux
3	now	now	ADV	PronType=Dem	4 read	advmod
4	read	read	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	cuneiform	cuneiform	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 read	obj
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 read	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	read	can	Experts	cuneiform			now		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cuneiform=Topic

Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/judaism/C/cuneiform/