sham Who acts: sham, something, prince, toy soldiers, He · What happens: be, pretend, make, look, mean, copy · To what, where: something, real, sham, sham fight, sleep
«sham» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sham in the Judaism dictionary .
Meaning 1 A sham is something fake or pretended, made to look real.
det nsubj cop amod cc conj punct acl:relcl mark xcomp xcomp punct root A DET sham NOUN is AUX something PRON fake ADJ or CCONJ pretended VERB , PUNCT made VERB to PART look VERB real ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 sham det 2 sham sham NOUN Number=Sing 4 something nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 something cop 4 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind root root 5 fake fake ADJ Degree=Pos 4 something amod 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 pretended cc 7 pretended pretend VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 fake conj 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 made punct 9 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 something acl:relcl 10 to to PART _ 11 look mark 11 look look VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 made xcomp 12 real real ADJ Degree=Pos 11 look xcomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 something punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a sham something tree rules 2 pretend participle a sham not said here tree rules 3 make participle tree rules 4 look to-infinitive real property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 As an adjective, sham means not real, copied or false: a sham fight.
The tree, 13 words case det obl punct nsubj advmod obl punct conj cc conj punct det amod parataxis punct root As ADP an DET adjective NOUN , PUNCT sham NOUN means VERB not PART real ADJ , PUNCT copied VERB or CCONJ false ADJ : PUNCT a DET sham ADJ fight NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 As as ADP _ 3 adjective case 2 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 adjective det 3 adjective adjective NOUN Number=Sing 6 means obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 adjective punct 5 sham sham NOUN Number=Sing 6 means nsubj 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 real advmod 8 real real ADJ Degree=Pos 6 means obl 9 , , PUNCT _ 10 copied punct 10 copied copy VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 8 real conj 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 false cc 12 false false ADJ Degree=Pos 10 copied conj 13 : : PUNCT _ 16 fight punct 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 fight det 15 sham sham ADJ Degree=Pos 16 fight amod 16 fight fight NOUN Number=Sing 6 means parataxis 17 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present sham real as a adjective vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as adjective=Attribute 2 copy participle sham not said here vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 To sham is to pretend, to act as if something is true when it is not.
The tree, 16 words mark advcl cop mark punct mark parataxis mark mark nsubj cop parataxis advmod nsubj cop advmod punct root To PART sham NOUN is AUX to PART pretend VERB , PUNCT to PART act VERB as SCONJ if SCONJ something PRON is AUX true ADJ when ADV it PRON is AUX not PART . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sham mark 2 sham sham NOUN Number=Sing 5 pretend advcl 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 pretend cop 4 to to PART _ 5 pretend mark 5 pretend pretend VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 8 act punct 7 to to PART _ 8 act mark 8 act act VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 5 pretend parataxis 9 as as SCONJ _ 13 true mark 10 if if SCONJ _ 13 true mark 11 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 13 true nsubj 12 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 true cop 13 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 8 act parataxis 14 when when ADV PronType=Int 16 is advmod 15 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 16 is nsubj 16 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 true cop 17 not not PART Polarity=Neg 16 is advmod 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 pretend punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present pretend property tree rules 2 act to-infinitive vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 is a condition, not said to happen present something true property tree rules
Example 1 The prince was a sham, only a tailor in fine clothes.
det nsubj cop det punct advmod det appos case amod nmod punct root The DET prince NOUN was AUX a DET sham NOUN , PUNCT only ADV a DET tailor NOUN in ADP fine ADJ clothes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 prince det 2 prince prince NOUN Number=Sing 5 sham nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 sham cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 sham det 5 sham sham NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 tailor punct 7 only only ADV _ 9 tailor advmod 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 tailor det 9 tailor tailor NOUN Number=Sing 5 sham appos 10 in in ADP _ 12 clothes case 11 fine fine ADJ Degree=Pos 12 clothes amod 12 clothes clothes NOUN Number=Ptan 9 tailor nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 sham punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past the prince a sham tree rules
Example 2 The toy soldiers had a sham fight.
det compound nsubj det amod obj punct root The DET toy NOUN soldiers NOUN had VERB a DET sham ADJ fight NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 soldiers det 2 toy toy NOUN Number=Sing 3 soldiers compound 3 soldiers soldier NOUN Number=Plur 4 had nsubj 4 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 fight det 6 sham sham ADJ Degree=Pos 7 fight amod 7 fight fight NOUN Number=Sing 4 had obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the toy soldiers a sham fight vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fight=Patient
Example 3 He shammed sleep so he would not have to help.
nsubj obj mark nsubj aux advmod advcl mark xcomp punct root He PRON shammed VERB sleep NOUN so SCONJ he PRON would AUX not PART have VERB to PART help VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 shammed nsubj 2 shammed sham VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sleep sleep NOUN Number=Sing 2 shammed obj 4 so so SCONJ _ 8 have mark 5 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 have nsubj 6 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 have aux 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 have advmod 8 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 shammed advcl 9 to to PART _ 10 help mark 10 help help VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 have xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 shammed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sham past He sleep tree rules 2 not have would he tree rules 3 help to-infinitive he not said here vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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