sharpen Who acts: picture, feeling, Israelites, you, Dad, Practising · What happens: sharpen, be, become, go down, practise, spell · To what, where: something, pencil, skill, coulter, man, kitchen knives
«sharpen» in the Judaism dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sharpen in the Judaism dictionary .
Meaning 1 To sharpen something is to make its edge or point sharper, like sharpening a pencil or a knife.
The tree, 18 words mark csubj obj cop mark nmod:poss obj cc conj xcomp punct mark advcl det obj cc det conj punct root To PART sharpen VERB something PRON is AUX to PART make VERB its PRON edge NOUN or CCONJ point NOUN sharper ADJ , PUNCT like SCONJ sharpening VERB a DET pencil NOUN or CCONJ a DET knife NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sharpen mark 2 sharpen sharpen VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 make csubj 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 sharpen obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 make cop 5 to to PART _ 6 make mark 6 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 edge nmod:poss 8 edge edge NOUN Number=Sing 6 make obj 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 point cc 10 point point NOUN Number=Sing 8 edge conj 11 sharper sharp ADJ Degree=Cmp 6 make xcomp 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 sharpening punct 13 like like SCONJ _ 14 sharpening mark 14 sharpening sharpen VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 6 make advcl 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 pencil det 16 pencil pencil NOUN Number=Sing 14 sharpening obj 17 or or CCONJ _ 19 knife cc 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 knife det 19 knife knife NOUN Number=Sing 16 pencil conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen to-infinitive something vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent something=Patient 2 is present make, sharp property tree rules 3 sharpen gerund a pencil or a knife vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pencil=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To sharpen a skill is to make it better by practice.
mark advcl det obj cop mark obj xcomp case obl punct root To PART sharpen VERB a DET skill NOUN is AUX to PART make VERB it PRON better ADJ by ADP practice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sharpen mark 2 sharpen sharpen VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 make advcl 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 skill det 4 skill skill NOUN Number=Sing 2 sharpen obj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 make cop 6 to to PART _ 7 make mark 7 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 8 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 make obj 9 better good ADJ Degree=Cmp 7 make xcomp 10 by by ADP _ 11 practice case 11 practice practice NOUN Number=Sing 9 better obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen to-infinitive a skill vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent skill=Patient 2 is present good, make property tree rules
Meaning 3 When a picture, sound or feeling sharpens, it becomes clearer or stronger.
The tree, 12 words mark det nsubj punct conj cc conj advcl punct nsubj xcomp cc conj punct root When SCONJ a DET picture NOUN , PUNCT sound NOUN or CCONJ feeling NOUN sharpens VERB , PUNCT it PRON becomes VERB clearer ADJ or CCONJ stronger ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 When when SCONJ _ 8 sharpens mark 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 picture det 3 picture picture NOUN Number=Sing 8 sharpens nsubj 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 sound punct 5 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 3 picture conj 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 feeling cc 7 feeling feeling NOUN Number=Sing 3 picture conj 8 sharpens sharpen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 becomes advcl 9 , , PUNCT _ 8 sharpens punct 10 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 becomes nsubj 11 becomes become VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 12 clearer clear ADJ Degree=Cmp 11 becomes xcomp 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 stronger cc 14 stronger strong ADJ Degree=Cmp 12 clearer conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 11 becomes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen present a picture and sound or feeling vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 become present feeling clear property vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient
Example 1 but all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his plowshare, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock. (Prophets 1SA.13.20, JPS 1917)
Sentence 1: but all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his plowshare, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock.
The tree, 24 words cc det:predet det nsubj advmod case det obl punct mark conj det obj nmod:poss obj punct cc nmod:poss obl punct cc nmod:poss obl punct cc nmod:poss obl punct root but CCONJ all DET the DET Israelites PROPN went VERB down ADV to ADP the DET Philistines PROPN , PUNCT to PART sharpen VERB every DET man NOUN his PRON plowshare NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ his PRON coulter NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ his PRON axe NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ his PRON mattock NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 but but CCONJ _ 5 went cc 2 all all DET PronType=Tot 5 went det:predet 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 Israelites det 4 Israelites Israelite PROPN Number=Plur 5 went nsubj 5 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 down down ADV _ 5 went advmod 7 to to ADP _ 9 Philistines case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 Philistines det 9 Philistines Philistine PROPN Number=Plur 5 went obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 12 sharpen punct 11 to to PART _ 12 sharpen mark 12 sharpen sharpen VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 went conj 13 every every DET PronType=Tot 14 man det 14 man man NOUN Number=Sing 12 sharpen obj 15 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 16 plowshare nmod:poss 16 plowshare plowshare NOUN Number=Sing 12 sharpen obj 17 , , PUNCT _ 20 coulter punct 18 and and CCONJ _ 20 coulter cc 19 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 20 coulter nmod:poss 20 coulter coulter NOUN Number=Sing 5 went obl 21 , , PUNCT _ 24 axe punct 22 and and CCONJ _ 24 axe cc 23 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 24 axe nmod:poss 24 axe axe NOUN Number=Sing 5 went obl 25 , , PUNCT _ 28 mattock punct 26 and and CCONJ _ 28 mattock cc 27 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 28 mattock nmod:poss 28 mattock mattock NOUN Number=Sing 5 went obl 29 . . PUNCT _ 5 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go down past the Israelites man's coulter to the Philistines; man's axe obl ; man's mattock obl ; down property vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute 2 sharpen to-infinitive the Israelites not said here every man tree rules
Sentence 2: (Prophets 1SA.13.20, JPS 1917)
punct flat punct nmod:unmarked conj punct root ( PUNCT Prophets NOUN 1SA.13.20 NUM , PUNCT JPS PROPN 1917 NUM ) PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 Prophets punct 2 Prophets prophet NOUN Number=Plur root root 3 1SA.13.20 1SA.13.20 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 2 Prophets flat 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 1917 punct 5 JPS JPS PROPN Number=Sing 6 1917 nmod:unmarked 6 1917 1917 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 1SA.13.20 conj 7 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 Prophets punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 2 Please sharpen your pencil before the test.
discourse nmod:poss obj case det obl punct root Please INTJ sharpen VERB your PRON pencil NOUN before ADP the DET test NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Please please INTJ _ 2 sharpen discourse 2 sharpen sharpen VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 pencil nmod:poss 4 pencil pencil NOUN Number=Sing 2 sharpen obj 5 before before ADP _ 7 test case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 test det 7 test test NOUN Number=Sing 2 sharpen obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 sharpen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen imperative you not said here your pencil before the test vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pencil=Patient
Example 3 Dad sharpens the kitchen knives on a stone.
nsubj det compound obj case det nmod punct root Dad NOUN sharpens VERB the DET kitchen NOUN knives NOUN on ADP a DET stone NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 sharpens nsubj 2 sharpens sharpen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 knives det 4 kitchen kitchen NOUN Number=Sing 5 knives compound 5 knives knife NOUN Number=Plur 2 sharpens obj 6 on on ADP _ 8 stone case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 stone det 8 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 5 knives nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 sharpens punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen present Dad the kitchen knives a stone vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent knife=Patient
Example 4 Practising every day will sharpen your spelling.
csubj det obl:unmarked aux nmod:poss obj punct root Practising VERB every DET day NOUN will AUX sharpen VERB your PRON spelling NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Practising practise VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 sharpen csubj 2 every every DET PronType=Tot 3 day det 3 day day NOUN Number=Sing 1 Practising obl:unmarked 4 will will AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 sharpen aux 5 sharpen sharpen VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 spelling nmod:poss 7 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 5 sharpen obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 sharpen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 practise gerund day tree rules 2 sharpen future Practising your spelling vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent spelling=Patient 3 spell your nom spelling «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 5 The eagle's eyes are sharp; it doesn't need to sharpen them!
The tree, 13 words det nmod:poss case nsubj cop punct nsubj aux advmod parataxis mark xcomp obj punct root The DET eagle NOUN 's PART eyes NOUN are AUX sharp ADJ ; PUNCT it PRON does AUX n't PART need VERB to PART sharpen VERB them PRON ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 eagle det 2 eagle eagle NOUN Number=Sing 4 eyes nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 eagle case 4 eyes eye NOUN Number=Plur 6 sharp nsubj 5 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 sharp cop 6 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 11 need punct 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 need nsubj 9 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 need aux 10 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 11 need advmod 11 need need VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 sharp parataxis 12 to to PART _ 13 sharpen mark 13 sharpen sharpen VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 need xcomp 14 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 13 sharpen obj 15 ! ! PUNCT _ 6 sharp punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present the eagle's eyes sharp property tree rules 2 not need present · do-support eagle vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme 3 sharpen not said to happen to-infinitive eagle not said here eyes = eye vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent they=Patient
Example 6 The picture sharpened when I turned the lens.
det nsubj advmod nsubj advcl det obj punct root The DET picture NOUN sharpened VERB when ADV I PRON turned VERB the DET lens NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 picture det 2 picture picture NOUN Number=Sing 3 sharpened nsubj 3 sharpened sharpen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 when when ADV PronType=Int 6 turned advmod 5 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 turned nsubj 6 turned turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 sharpened advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 lens det 8 lens lens NOUN Number=Sing 6 turned obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 sharpened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen past the picture vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 turn past I the lens vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent lens=Theme
Example 7 I need to sharpen my coloured pencils.
nsubj mark xcomp nmod:poss amod obj punct root I PRON need VERB to PART sharpen VERB my PRON coloured ADJ pencils NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 need nsubj 2 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 to to PART _ 4 sharpen mark 4 sharpen sharpen VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 need xcomp 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 pencils nmod:poss 6 coloured coloured ADJ Degree=Pos 7 pencils amod 7 pencils pencil NOUN Number=Plur 4 sharpen obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 need punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present I vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme 2 sharpen not said to happen to-infinitive I not said here my coloured pencils vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent pencil=Patient
Example 8 Quiz games help sharpen your memory.
compound nsubj xcomp nmod:poss obj punct root Quiz NOUN games NOUN help VERB sharpen VERB your PRON memory NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Quiz quiz NOUN Number=Sing 2 games compound 2 games game NOUN Number=Plur 3 help nsubj 3 help help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 sharpen sharpen VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 help xcomp 5 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 memory nmod:poss 6 memory memory NOUN Number=Sing 4 sharpen obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 help punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present Quiz games vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 sharpen infinitive Quiz games not said here your memory vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent memory=Patient
Example 9 The beaver sharpened the end of the stick with its teeth.
det nsubj det obj case det nmod case nmod:poss nmod punct root The DET beaver NOUN sharpened VERB the DET end NOUN of ADP the DET stick NOUN with ADP its PRON teeth NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 beaver det 2 beaver beaver NOUN Number=Sing 3 sharpened nsubj 3 sharpened sharpen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 end det 5 end end NOUN Number=Sing 3 sharpened obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 stick case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 stick det 8 stick stick NOUN Number=Sing 5 end nmod 9 with with ADP _ 11 teeth case 10 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 teeth nmod:poss 11 teeth tooth NOUN Number=Plur 8 stick nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 sharpened punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sharpen past the beaver the end of the stick with beaver's teeth vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent end=Patient
Example 10 Then he sat down and began sharpening his knife again.
advmod nsubj compound:prt cc conj xcomp nmod:poss obj advmod punct root Then ADV he PRON sat VERB down ADP and CCONJ began VERB sharpening VERB his PRON knife NOUN again ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Then then ADV PronType=Dem 3 sat advmod 2 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 sat nsubj 3 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 down down ADP _ 3 sat compound:prt 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 began cc 6 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 sat conj 7 sharpening sharpen VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 began xcomp 8 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 knife nmod:poss 9 knife knife NOUN Number=Sing 7 sharpening obj 10 again again ADV _ 7 sharpening advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit down past he then vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 begin past he not said here vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 3 sharpen gerund he not said here his knife again vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent knife=Patient
Text: the Judaism dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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