abstain Who acts: you, Grandad, they, She, 18, He · What happens: abstain, be, not do, enjoy, eat, drink · To what, where: something, sweets, alcohol, vote, sugar, Three pupils · Speech: someone speaks here
«abstain» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: abstain in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
To abstain is to choose not to do something you might enjoy, like eating sweets or drinking alcohol.
The tree, 18 words mark cop mark ccomp advmod mark xcomp obj nsubj aux acl:relcl punct mark advcl obj cc conj obj punct root To PART abstain VERB is AUX to PART choose VERB not PART to PART do VERB something PRON you PRON might AUX enjoy VERB , PUNCT like SCONJ eating VERB sweets NOUN or CCONJ drinking VERB alcohol NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 abstain mark 2 abstain abstain VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 choose cop 4 to to PART _ 5 choose mark 5 choose choose VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 abstain ccomp 6 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 do advmod 7 to to PART _ 8 do mark 8 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 choose xcomp 9 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 do obj 10 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 12 enjoy nsubj 11 might might AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 enjoy aux 12 enjoy enjoy VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 something acl:relcl 13 , , PUNCT _ 15 eating punct 14 like like SCONJ _ 15 eating mark 15 eating eat VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 enjoy advcl 16 sweets sweet NOUN Number=Plur 15 eating obj 17 or or CCONJ _ 18 drinking cc 18 drinking drink VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 15 eating conj 19 alcohol alcohol NOUN Number=Sing 18 drinking obj 20 . . PUNCT _ 2 abstain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abstain to-infinitive tree rules 2 is present choose property tree rules 3 not do to-infinitive something vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality 4 enjoy might you vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer 5 eat gerund you not said here sweets vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sweet=Patient 6 drink gerund you not said here alcohol vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent alcohol=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To abstain in a vote is to choose not to vote for or against.
The tree, 14 words mark advcl case det obl cop mark csubj advmod mark obl cc conj punct root To PART abstain VERB in ADP a DET vote NOUN is AUX to PART choose VERB not PART to PART vote VERB for ADP or CCONJ against ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 abstain mark 2 abstain abstain VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 vote advcl 3 in in ADP _ 5 vote case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 vote det 5 vote vote NOUN Number=Sing 2 abstain obl 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 vote cop 7 to to PART _ 8 choose mark 8 choose choose VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 vote csubj 9 not not PART Polarity=Neg 11 vote advmod 10 to to PART _ 11 vote mark 11 vote vote VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 12 for for ADP _ 11 vote obl 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 against cc 14 against against ADP _ 12 for conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 11 vote punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abstain to-infinitive a vote vn refrain-69 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 choose to-infinitive vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 3 not is present vote property tree rules
Example 1 Grandad abstains from sugar in his tea.
nsubj case obl case nmod:poss obl punct root Grandad PROPN abstains VERB from ADP sugar NOUN in ADP his PRON tea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grandad Grandad PROPN Number=Sing 2 abstains nsubj 2 abstains abstain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from ADP _ 4 sugar case 4 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 2 abstains obl 5 in in ADP _ 7 tea case 6 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 tea nmod:poss 7 tea tea NOUN Number=Sing 2 abstains obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 abstains punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abstain present Grandad sugar in Grandad's tea vn refrain-69 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent from sugar=Eventuality
Example 2 Three pupils abstained in the class vote.
nummod acl case det compound obl punct root Three NUM pupils NOUN abstained VERB in ADP the DET class NOUN vote NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 pupils nummod 2 pupils pupil NOUN Number=Plur root root 3 abstained abstain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 pupils acl 4 in in ADP _ 7 vote case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 vote det 6 class class NOUN Number=Sing 7 vote compound 7 vote vote NOUN Number=Sing 3 abstained obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 pupils punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abstain participle Three pupils not said here the class vote vn refrain-69 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 During the fast, they abstain from food until sunset.
case det punct nsubj parataxis case obl case obl punct root During ADP the DET fast ADJ , PUNCT they PRON abstain VERB from ADP food NOUN until ADP sunset NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 During during ADP _ 3 fast case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 fast det 3 fast fast ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 abstain punct 5 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 abstain nsubj 6 abstain abstain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 fast parataxis 7 from from ADP _ 8 food case 8 food food NOUN Number=Sing 6 abstain obl 9 until until ADP _ 10 sunset case 10 sunset sunset NOUN Number=Sing 6 abstain obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 fast punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abstain present they food sunset vn refrain-69 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent from food=Eventuality
Example 4 She abstained from chocolate for a whole month.
nsubj case obl case det amod obl punct root She PRON abstained VERB from ADP chocolate NOUN for ADP a DET whole ADJ month NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 abstained nsubj 2 abstained abstain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from ADP _ 4 chocolate case 4 chocolate chocolate NOUN Number=Sing 2 abstained obl 5 for for ADP _ 8 month case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 month det 7 whole whole ADJ Degree=Pos 8 month amod 8 month month NOUN Number=Sing 2 abstained obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 abstained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abstain past She chocolate month vn refrain-69 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent from chocolate=Eventuality
Example 5 Of 30 voters, 18 said yes, 9 said no, and 3 abstained.
The tree, 12 words case nummod obl punct nsubj discourse punct obl ccomp obj punct cc nsubj:pass conj punct root Of ADP 30 NUM voters NOUN , PUNCT 18 NUM said VERB yes INTJ , PUNCT 9 NUM said VERB no INTJ , PUNCT and CCONJ 3 NUM abstained VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Of of ADP _ 3 voters case 2 30 30 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 3 voters nummod 3 voters voter NOUN Number=Plur 6 said obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 voters punct 5 18 18 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 said nsubj 6 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 yes yes INTJ Polarity=Pos 10 said discourse 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 9 punct 9 9 9 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 10 said obl 10 said say VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 said ccomp 11 no no INTJ Polarity=Neg 10 said obj 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 abstained punct 13 and and CCONJ _ 15 abstained cc 14 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 15 abstained nsubj:pass 15 abstained abstain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 said conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 6 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert past 18 of 30 voters vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 say speech: assert past 9 vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent no=Topic 3 abstain participle · passive 3 tree rules
Example 6 He abstained from arguing and stayed calm.
nsubj mark advcl cc conj xcomp punct root He PRON abstained VERB from SCONJ arguing VERB and CCONJ stayed VERB calm ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 abstained nsubj 2 abstained abstain VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 from from SCONJ _ 4 arguing mark 4 arguing argue VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 abstained advcl 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 stayed cc 6 stayed stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 abstained conj 7 calm calm ADJ Degree=Pos 6 stayed xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 abstained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 abstain past He vn refrain-69 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 argue speech: disagree gerund He not said here vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 stay past He not said here calm property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 She not only abstained from beating him, but encouraged him.
nsubj:pass advmod advmod mark advcl obj punct cc conj obj punct root She PRON not PART only ADV abstained VERB from SCONJ beating VERB him PRON , PUNCT but CCONJ encouraged VERB him PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 abstained nsubj:pass 2 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 abstained advmod 3 only only ADV _ 4 abstained advmod 4 abstained abstain VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 from from SCONJ _ 6 beating mark 6 beating beat VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 abstained advcl 7 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 beating obj 8 , , PUNCT _ 10 encouraged punct 9 but but CCONJ _ 10 encouraged cc 10 encouraged encourage VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 abstained conj 11 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 encouraged obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 abstained punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not abstain participle · passive She tree rules 2 beat gerund him = he vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location he=Theme 3 encourage past him = he vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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