assume Who acts: something, She, cat, I, you, bag · What happens: assume, be, check, have, take, finish · To what, where: proof, job, role, look, sleepy pose, voice · Speech: someone speaks here
«assume» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: assume in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To assume is to think something is true without checking or having proof.
mark csubj cop mark nsubj cop ccomp mark advcl cc conj obj punct root To PART assume VERB is AUX to PART think VERB something PRON is AUX true ADJ without SCONJ checking VERB or CCONJ having VERB proof NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 assume mark 2 assume assume VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 think csubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 think cop 4 to to PART _ 5 think mark 5 think think VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 8 true nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 true cop 8 true true ADJ Degree=Pos 5 think ccomp 9 without without SCONJ _ 10 checking mark 10 checking check VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 true advcl 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 having cc 12 having have VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 10 checking conj 13 proof proof NOUN Number=Sing 12 having obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 5 think punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume to-infinitive vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 be speech: other present think property tree rules 3 is present something true property tree rules 4 check gerund something not said here vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 5 have gerund something not said here proof vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent proof=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To assume a job or responsibility is to take it on: «She assumed the role of captain.».
The tree, 17 words mark advcl det obj cc conj cop mark obj compound:prt punct punct nsubj parataxis det obj case nmod punct punct punct root To PART assume VERB a DET job NOUN or CCONJ responsibility NOUN is AUX to PART take VERB it PRON on ADP : PUNCT « PUNCT She PRON assumed VERB the DET role NOUN of ADP captain NOUN . PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 assume mark 2 assume assume VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 take advcl 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 job det 4 job job NOUN Number=Sing 2 assume obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 responsibility cc 6 responsibility responsibility NOUN Number=Sing 4 job conj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 take cop 8 to to PART _ 9 take mark 9 take take VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 10 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 take obj 11 on on ADP _ 9 take compound:prt 12 : : PUNCT _ 15 assumed punct 13 « « PUNCT _ 15 assumed punct 14 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 15 assumed nsubj 15 assumed assume VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 take parataxis 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 role det 17 role role NOUN Number=Sing 15 assumed obj 18 of of ADP _ 19 captain case 19 captain captain NOUN Number=Sing 17 role nmod 20 . . PUNCT _ 15 assumed punct 21 » » PUNCT _ 15 assumed punct 22 . . PUNCT _ 9 take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume to-infinitive a job or responsibility vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Theme 2 is present take property tree rules 3 assume in a quote past She the role of captain vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent role=Theme
Meaning 3 To assume a look, shape or position is to take it: «The cat assumed a sleepy pose.».
The tree, 17 words mark advcl det obj punct conj cc conj cop mark obj punct punct det nsubj parataxis det amod obj punct punct punct root To PART assume VERB a DET look NOUN , PUNCT shape NOUN or CCONJ position NOUN is AUX to PART take VERB it PRON : PUNCT « PUNCT The DET cat NOUN assumed VERB a DET sleepy ADJ pose NOUN . PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 assume mark 2 assume assume VERB VerbForm=Inf 11 take advcl 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 look det 4 look look NOUN Number=Sing 2 assume obj 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 shape punct 6 shape shape NOUN Number=Sing 4 look conj 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 position cc 8 position position NOUN Number=Sing 4 look conj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 take cop 10 to to PART _ 11 take mark 11 take take VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 12 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 take obj 13 : : PUNCT _ 17 assumed punct 14 « « PUNCT _ 17 assumed punct 15 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 16 cat det 16 cat cat NOUN Number=Sing 17 assumed nsubj 17 assumed assume VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 11 take parataxis 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 pose det 19 sleepy sleepy ADJ Degree=Pos 20 pose amod 20 pose pose NOUN Number=Sing 17 assumed obj 21 . . PUNCT _ 17 assumed punct 22 » » PUNCT _ 17 assumed punct 23 . . PUNCT _ 11 take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume to-infinitive a look and shape or position vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent look=Theme 2 is present take property tree rules 3 assume in a quote past the cat a sleepy pose vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pose=Theme
Meaning 4 To take on a voice or manner as a disguise or pretence.
mark case det obl cc conj case det obl cc conj punct root To PART take VERB on ADP a DET voice NOUN or CCONJ manner NOUN as ADP a DET disguise NOUN or CCONJ pretence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 take mark 2 take take VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on ADP _ 5 voice case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 voice det 5 voice voice NOUN Number=Sing 2 take obl 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 manner cc 7 manner manner NOUN Number=Sing 5 voice conj 8 as as ADP _ 10 disguise case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 disguise det 10 disguise disguise NOUN Number=Sing 2 take obl 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 pretence cc 12 pretence pretence NOUN Number=Sing 10 disguise conj 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take to-infinitive a voice or manner as a disguise or pretence vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on voice=Destination
Example 1 I assume you have finished your homework.
nsubj nsubj aux ccomp nmod:poss obj punct root I PRON assume VERB you PRON have AUX finished VERB your PRON homework NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 assume nsubj 2 assume assume VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 finished nsubj 4 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 finished aux 5 finished finish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 2 assume ccomp 6 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 homework nmod:poss 7 homework homework NOUN Number=Sing 5 finished obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 assume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume present I vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 finish present · perfect you your homework vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector homework=Eventuality
Example 2 Don't assume she's angry — ask her.
aux advmod nsubj cop ccomp punct conj iobj punct root Do AUX n't PART assume VERB she PRON 's AUX angry ADJ — PUNCT ask VERB her PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 assume aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 assume advmod 3 assume assume VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 angry nsubj 5 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 angry cop 6 angry angry ADJ Degree=Pos 3 assume ccomp 7 — - PUNCT _ 8 ask punct 8 ask ask VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 assume conj 9 her she PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 ask iobj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 assume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not assume imperative · do-support you not said here vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 is present she angry property tree rules 3 ask speech: ask infinitive you not said here her = she vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent she=Recipient
Example 3 Assume each bag holds the same number of apples.
det nsubj ccomp det amod obj case nmod punct root Assume VERB each DET bag NOUN holds VERB the DET same ADJ number NOUN of ADP apples NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Assume assume VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 each each DET PronType=Tot 3 bag det 3 bag bag NOUN Number=Sing 4 holds nsubj 4 holds hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Assume ccomp 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 number det 6 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 7 number amod 7 number number NOUN Number=Sing 4 holds obj 8 of of ADP _ 9 apples case 9 apples apple NOUN Number=Plur 7 number nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 1 Assume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume imperative you not said here vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 hold present each bag the same number of apples vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Theme
Example 4 Assuming it doesn't rain, we'll have a picnic.
csubj obj aux advmod punct nsubj aux acl:relcl det obj punct root Assuming VERB it PRON does AUX n't PART rain NOUN , PUNCT we PRON 'll AUX have VERB a DET picnic NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Assuming assume VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 rain csubj 2 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 1 Assuming obj 3 does do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 rain aux 4 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 5 rain advmod 5 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 rain punct 7 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 have nsubj 8 'll will AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 have aux 9 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 rain acl:relcl 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 picnic det 11 picnic picnic NOUN Number=Sing 9 have obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 rain punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume gerund it vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme 2 have future we a picnic vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent picnic=Patient
Example 5 He assumed the bus would wait, but it left.
nsubj det nsubj aux ccomp punct cc nsubj conj punct root He PRON assumed VERB the DET bus NOUN would AUX wait VERB , PUNCT but CCONJ it PRON left VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 assumed nsubj 2 assumed assume VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 bus det 4 bus bus NOUN Number=Sing 6 wait nsubj 5 would would AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 wait aux 6 wait wait VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 assumed ccomp 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 left punct 8 but but CCONJ _ 10 left cc 9 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 left nsubj 10 left leave VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 assumed conj 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 assumed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume past He vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 wait would the bus vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 3 leave past bus vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 The vice captain assumed control when the captain was ill.
det compound nsubj amod mark det nsubj cop advcl punct root The DET vice NOUN captain NOUN assumed VERB control NOUN when SCONJ the DET captain NOUN was AUX ill ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 captain det 2 vice vice NOUN Number=Sing 3 captain compound 3 captain captain NOUN Number=Sing 5 control nsubj 4 assumed assume VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 control amod 5 control control NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 when when SCONJ _ 10 ill mark 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 captain det 8 captain captain NOUN Number=Sing 10 ill nsubj 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 ill cop 10 ill ill ADJ Degree=Pos 5 control advcl 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 control punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume participle vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 is past the captain ill property tree rules
Example 7 The caterpillar assumed a new shape inside its cocoon.
det nsubj det amod obj case nmod:poss nmod punct root The DET caterpillar NOUN assumed VERB a DET new ADJ shape NOUN inside ADP its PRON cocoon NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 caterpillar det 2 caterpillar caterpillar NOUN Number=Sing 3 assumed nsubj 3 assumed assume VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 shape det 5 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shape amod 6 shape shape NOUN Number=Sing 3 assumed obj 7 inside inside ADP _ 9 cocoon case 8 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 cocoon nmod:poss 9 cocoon cocoon NOUN Number=Sing 6 shape nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 assumed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume past the caterpillar a new shape caterpillar's cocoon vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shape=Theme
Example 8 Never assume a dog is friendly; ask the owner first.
advmod det nsubj cop ccomp punct conj det obj advmod punct root Never ADV assume VERB a DET dog NOUN is AUX friendly ADJ ; PUNCT ask VERB the DET owner NOUN first ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Never never ADV PronType=Neg 2 assume advmod 2 assume assume VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 dog det 4 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 6 friendly nsubj 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 friendly cop 6 friendly friendly ADJ Degree=Pos 2 assume ccomp 7 ; ; PUNCT _ 8 ask punct 8 ask ask VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 2 assume conj 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 owner det 10 owner owner NOUN Number=Sing 8 ask obj 11 first first ADV NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 8 ask advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 assume punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not assume imperative you not said here vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 2 is present a dog friendly property tree rules 3 ask speech: ask infinitive you not said here the owner first property vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent owner=Recipient
Example 9 Assuming the Prince’s voice, she whispered in Potentilla’s ear:
advcl det nmod:poss case obj punct nsubj case nmod:poss case obl punct root Assuming VERB the DET Prince PROPN ’s PART voice NOUN , PUNCT she PRON whispered VERB in ADP Potentilla PROPN ’s PART ear NOUN : PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Assuming assume VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 whispered advcl 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Prince det 3 Prince Prince PROPN Number=Sing 5 voice nmod:poss 4 ’s 's PART _ 3 Prince case 5 voice voice NOUN Number=Sing 1 Assuming obj 6 , , PUNCT _ 1 Assuming punct 7 she she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 whispered nsubj 8 whispered whisper VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 in in ADP _ 12 ear case 10 Potentilla Potentilla PROPN Number=Sing 12 ear nmod:poss 11 ’s 's PART _ 10 Potentilla case 12 ear ear NOUN Number=Sing 8 whispered obl 13 : : PUNCT _ 8 whispered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 assume gerund she not said here the Prince's voice vn adopt-93.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent voice=Theme 2 whisper speech: assert past she Potentilla's ear vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in ear=Location
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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