bluff

Who acts: you, trick, He, dog, I, she · What happens: pretend, be, have, do, trick, say · To what, where: better cards, someone, bluff, dog, home, ticket · Speech: someone speaks here

«bluff» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: bluff in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

To pretend you are stronger, braver, cleverer or have better cards than you really do, to trick someone.

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 pretend	mark
2	pretend	pretend	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	20 trick	advcl
3	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	5 stronger	nsubj
4	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 stronger	cop
5	stronger	strong	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	2 pretend	xcomp
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 braver	punct
7	braver	brave	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 stronger	conj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 cleverer	punct
9	cleverer	clever	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	5 stronger	conj
10	or	or	CCONJ	_	11 have	cc
11	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 stronger	conj
12	better	good	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	13 cards	amod
13	cards	card	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 have	obj
14	than	than	SCONJ	_	17 do	mark
15	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	17 do	nsubj
16	really	really	ADV	_	17 do	advmod
17	do	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 stronger	advcl
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	20 trick	punct
19	to	to	PART	_	20 trick	mark
20	trick	trick	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
21	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	20 trick	obj
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	20 trick	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	pretend	to-infinitive				tree rules
2	is	present	you		strong property	tree rules
3	be		you not said here			tree rules
4	be		you not said here			tree rules
5	have	present	you not said here	better cards		vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent card=Patient
6	do	present	you			vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
7	trick	to-infinitive		someone		vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

A trick of pretending like this: «It was just a bluff.».

The tree, 11 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 trick	det
2	trick	trick	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	SCONJ	_	4 pretending	mark
4	pretending	pretend	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 trick	acl
5	like	like	ADP	_	6 this	case
6	this	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	4 pretending	obl
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	2 trick	punct
8	«	«	PUNCT	_	13 bluff	punct
9	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 bluff	nsubj
10	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	13 bluff	cop
11	just	just	ADV	_	13 bluff	advmod
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 bluff	det
13	bluff	bluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 trick	appos
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 bluff	punct
15	»	»	PUNCT	_	13 bluff	punct
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 trick	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pretend	gerund	a trick not said here					like this	tree rules
2	is a in a quote	past	trick	a bluff					tree rules

Meaning 3

Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.

A steep cliff or high bank, especially by a river or the sea.

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 cliff	det
2	steep	steep	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 cliff	amod
3	cliff	cliff	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	6 bank	cc
5	high	high	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 bank	amod
6	bank	bank	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cliff	conj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 river	punct
8	especially	especially	ADV	_	11 river	advmod
9	by	by	ADP	_	11 river	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 river	det
11	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cliff	conj
12	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 sea	cc
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 sea	det
14	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 river	conj
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 cliff	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Meaning 4

Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

Friendly and honest but rather direct and loud: «a bluff old farmer».

The tree, 12 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Friendly	friendly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 honest	cc
3	honest	honest	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Friendly	conj
4	but	but	CCONJ	_	6 direct	cc
5	rather	rather	ADV	_	6 direct	advmod
6	direct	direct	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Friendly	conj
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 loud	cc
8	loud	loud	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Friendly	conj
9	:	:	PUNCT	_	14 farmer	punct
10	«	«	PUNCT	_	14 farmer	punct
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 farmer	det
12	bluff	bluff	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 farmer	amod
13	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 farmer	amod
14	farmer	farmer	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Friendly	parataxis
15	»	»	PUNCT	_	14 farmer	punct
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Friendly	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 1

He said he had a dog at home, but he was bluffing.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 said	nsubj
2	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 had	nsubj
4	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 said	ccomp
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 dog	det
6	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 had	obj
7	at	at	ADP	_	8 home	case
8	home	home	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 had	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 bluffing	punct
10	but	but	CCONJ	_	13 bluffing	cc
11	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 bluffing	nsubj
12	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	13 bluffing	aux
13	bluffing	bluff	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 said	advcl
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	say speech: assert	past	He			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	have	past	he	a dog	home	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Patient
3	bluff	past · progressive	dog			vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Example 2

I called her bluff and she admitted she had no ticket.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 called	nsubj
2	called	call	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 bluff	nmod:poss
4	bluff	bluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 called	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 admitted	cc
6	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 admitted	nsubj
7	admitted	admit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 called	conj
8	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 had	nsubj
9	had	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 admitted	ccomp
10	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	11 ticket	det
11	ticket	ticket	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 had	obj
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 called	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	call	past	I	her bluff	vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent bluff=Recipient
2	admit speech: other	past	she		vn confess-37.10 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	have	past	she	no ticket	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ticket=Patient

Example 3

In card games you can bluff to make others give up.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 games	case
2	card	card	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 games	compound
3	games	game	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 bluff	obl
4	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	6 bluff	nsubj
5	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 bluff	aux
6	bluff	bluff	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
7	to	to	PART	_	8 make	mark
8	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 bluff	xcomp
9	others	other	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 make	obj
10	give	give	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 make	xcomp
11	up	up	ADP	_	10 give	compound:prt
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 bluff	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	bluff	can	you		card games	tree rules
2	make	to-infinitive	you not said here	others		tree rules
3	give up	infinitive	others not said here			vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 4

The house stood on a bluff above the river.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 house	det
2	house	house	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stood	nsubj
3	stood	stand	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	on	on	ADP	_	6 bluff	case
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 bluff	det
6	bluff	bluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stood	obl
7	above	above	ADP	_	9 river	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 river	det
9	river	river	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stood	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 stood	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stand	past	the house			a bluff		above the river	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on bluff=Location

Example 5

The guard believed the bluff and let them in.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 guard	det
2	guard	guard	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 believed	nsubj
3	believed	believe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 bluff	det
5	bluff	bluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 believed	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 let	cc
7	let	let	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 believed	ccomp
8	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 let	obj
9	in	in	ADP	_	7 let	compound:prt
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 believed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	believe	past	the guard	the bluff					tree rules
2	let in	infinitive		them = they					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

Example 6

Grandad is a bluff man who says what he thinks.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 man	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 man	cop
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 man	det
4	bluff	bluff	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 man	amod
5	man	man	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	7 says	nsubj
7	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 man	acl:relcl
8	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	10 thinks	obj
9	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 thinks	nsubj
10	thinks	think	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 says	ccomp
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 man	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	is a	present	Grandad	a bluff man	tree rules
2	say speech: assert	present	a bluff man		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
3	think speech: other	present	Grandad		vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot what=Theme

Example 7

Don't try to bluff your way through the test; study!

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Do	do	AUX	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	3 try	aux
2	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	3 try	advmod
3	try	try	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	5 bluff	mark
5	bluff	bluff	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 try	xcomp
6	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 way	nmod:poss
7	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bluff	obj
8	through	through	ADP	_	10 test	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 test	det
10	test	test	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bluff	obl
11	;	;	PUNCT	_	12 study	punct
12	study	study	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 try	parataxis
13	!	!	PUNCT	_	3 try	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not try	imperative · do-support	you not said here						vn try-61.1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality
2	bluff not said to happen	to-infinitive	you not said here	your way		the test			vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Patient

Example 8

Again the big red eagle appeared on the edge of the bluff.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Again	again	ADV	_	6 appeared	advmod
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 eagle	det
3	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 eagle	amod
4	red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 eagle	amod
5	eagle	eagle	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 appeared	nsubj
6	appeared	appear	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	on	on	ADP	_	9 edge	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 edge	det
9	edge	edge	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 appeared	obl
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 bluff	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 bluff	det
12	bluff	bluff	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 edge	nmod
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 appeared	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	appear	past	the big red eagle			the edge of the bluff	again		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on edge=Location

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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