bruise Who acts: knock, I, bruise, you, bananas, apple · What happens: cause, break, get, give, bruise, fall off · To what, where: skin, tiny blood vessels, bruise, arm, big bruise, leg
«bruise» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: bruise in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A purple, blue or dark mark on the skin caused by a bump or knock that breaks tiny blood vessels underneath without breaking the skin.
The tree, 25 words det amod punct conj cc conj case det nmod acl case det obl cc conj nsubj acl:relcl amod compound obj advmod mark advcl det obj punct root A DET purple ADJ , PUNCT blue ADJ or CCONJ dark ADJ mark NOUN on ADP the DET skin NOUN caused VERB by ADP a DET bump NOUN or CCONJ knock NOUN that PRON breaks VERB tiny ADJ blood NOUN vessels NOUN underneath ADV without SCONJ breaking VERB the DET skin NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 mark det 2 purple purple ADJ Degree=Pos 7 mark amod 3 , , PUNCT _ 4 blue punct 4 blue blue ADJ Degree=Pos 2 purple conj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 dark cc 6 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 2 purple conj 7 mark mark NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 on on ADP _ 10 skin case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 skin det 10 skin skin NOUN Number=Sing 7 mark nmod 11 caused cause VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 skin acl 12 by by ADP _ 14 bump case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 bump det 14 bump bump NOUN Number=Sing 11 caused obl 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 knock cc 16 knock knock NOUN Number=Sing 14 bump conj 17 that that PRON PronType=Rel 18 breaks nsubj 18 breaks break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 knock acl:relcl 19 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 21 vessels amod 20 blood blood NOUN Number=Sing 21 vessels compound 21 vessels vessel NOUN Number=Plur 18 breaks obj 22 underneath underneath ADV _ 18 breaks advmod 23 without without SCONJ _ 24 breaking mark 24 breaking break VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 18 breaks advcl 25 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 26 skin det 26 skin skin NOUN Number=Sing 24 breaking obj 27 . . PUNCT _ 7 mark punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cause participle the skin not said here by a bump or knock vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition 2 break present knock tiny blood vessels underneath property vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer vessel=Patient 3 break gerund knock not said here the skin vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer skin=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A soft, brown, damaged spot on fruit, like a bruise on an apple.
The tree, 13 words det amod punct amod punct amod case nmod punct case det conj case det nmod punct root A DET soft ADJ , PUNCT brown ADJ , PUNCT damaged ADJ spot NOUN on ADP fruit NOUN , PUNCT like ADP a DET bruise NOUN on ADP an DET apple NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 spot det 2 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos 7 spot amod 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 soft punct 4 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos 7 spot amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 brown punct 6 damaged damaged ADJ Degree=Pos 7 spot amod 7 spot spot NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 on on ADP _ 9 fruit case 9 fruit fruit NOUN Number=Sing 7 spot nmod 10 , , PUNCT _ 13 bruise punct 11 like like ADP _ 13 bruise case 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 bruise det 13 bruise bruise NOUN Number=Sing 7 spot conj 14 on on ADP _ 16 apple case 15 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 apple det 16 apple apple NOUN Number=Sing 13 bruise nmod 17 . . PUNCT _ 7 spot punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Meaning 3 As a verb, to get or give a bruise.
case det obl punct mark cc conj det obj punct root As ADP a DET verb NOUN , PUNCT to PART get VERB or CCONJ give VERB a DET bruise NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 As as ADP _ 3 verb case 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 verb det 3 verb verb NOUN Number=Sing 6 get obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 6 get punct 5 to to PART _ 6 get mark 6 get get VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 give cc 8 give give VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 6 get conj 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 bruise det 10 bruise bruise NOUN Number=Sing 8 give obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 get punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get to-infinitive as a verb vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer as verb=Attribute 2 give infinitive a bruise vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bruise=Theme
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
I bruised my arm.
nsubj nmod:poss obj punct root I PRON bruised VERB my PRON arm NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 bruised nsubj 2 bruised bruise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 arm nmod:poss 4 arm arm NOUN Number=Sing 2 bruised obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 bruised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bruise past I my arm vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient
Example 1 I got a big bruise on my leg when I fell off my bike.
The tree, 14 words nsubj det amod obj case nmod:poss obl advmod nsubj advcl compound:prt nmod:poss obl punct root I PRON got VERB a DET big ADJ bruise NOUN on ADP my PRON leg NOUN when ADV I PRON fell VERB off ADP my PRON bike NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 got nsubj 2 got get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 bruise det 4 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 5 bruise amod 5 bruise bruise NOUN Number=Sing 2 got obj 6 on on ADP _ 8 leg case 7 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 leg nmod:poss 8 leg leg NOUN Number=Sing 2 got obl 9 when when ADV PronType=Int 11 fell advmod 10 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 11 fell nsubj 11 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 got advcl 12 off off ADP _ 11 fell compound:prt 13 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 14 bike nmod:poss 14 bike bike NOUN Number=Sing 11 fell obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 got punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get past I a big bruise my leg vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent bruise=Theme on leg=Source 2 fall off past I my bike vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
Example 2 The bruise turned green and yellow as it healed.
det nsubj xcomp cc conj mark nsubj advcl punct root The DET bruise NOUN turned VERB green ADJ and CCONJ yellow ADJ as SCONJ it PRON healed VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 bruise det 2 bruise bruise NOUN Number=Sing 3 turned nsubj 3 turned turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 green green ADJ Degree=Pos 3 turned xcomp 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 yellow cc 6 yellow yellow ADJ Degree=Pos 4 green conj 7 as as SCONJ _ 9 healed mark 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 healed nsubj 9 healed heal VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 turned advcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 turned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 turn past the bruise green property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 2 heal past bruise vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 3 Put a cold pack on the bruise.
det amod obj case det obl punct root Put VERB a DET cold ADJ pack NOUN on ADP the DET bruise NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Put put VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 pack det 3 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 4 pack amod 4 pack pack NOUN Number=Sing 1 Put obj 5 on on ADP _ 7 bruise case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 bruise det 7 bruise bruise NOUN Number=Sing 1 Put obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 put imperative you not said here a cold pack the bruise vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent pack=Theme on bruise=Destination
Example 4 Don't drop the bananas or they'll bruise.
aux advmod det obj cc nsubj aux conj punct root Do AUX n't PART drop VERB the DET bananas NOUN or CCONJ they PRON 'll AUX bruise VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 drop aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 drop advmod 3 drop drop VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 bananas det 5 bananas banana NOUN Number=Plur 3 drop obj 6 or or CCONJ _ 9 bruise cc 7 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 bruise nsubj 8 'll will AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 bruise aux 9 bruise bruise VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 drop conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 drop punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not drop imperative · do-support you not said here the bananas vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent banana=Theme 2 bruise future bananas = banana vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
Example 5 My shin is bruised from football.
nmod:poss nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root My PRON shin NOUN is AUX bruised VERB from ADP football NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 shin nmod:poss 2 shin shin NOUN Number=Sing 4 bruised nsubj:pass 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 bruised aux:pass 4 bruised bruise VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 from from ADP _ 6 football case 6 football football NOUN Number=Sing 4 bruised obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 bruised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bruise present · passive My shin football vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
Example 6 This apple has a brown bruise on one side.
det nsubj det amod obj case nummod nmod punct root This DET apple NOUN has VERB a DET brown ADJ bruise NOUN on ADP one NUM side NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 This this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 2 apple det 2 apple apple NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 bruise det 5 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos 6 bruise amod 6 bruise bruise NOUN Number=Sing 3 has obj 7 on on ADP _ 9 side case 8 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 side nummod 9 side side NOUN Number=Sing 6 bruise nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present this apple a brown bruise one side vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bruise=Patient
Example 7 Bruises usually fade in a week or two.
nsubj advmod case det obl cc conj punct root Bruises NOUN usually ADV fade VERB in ADP a DET week NOUN or CCONJ two NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Bruises bruise NOUN Number=Plur 3 fade nsubj 2 usually usually ADV _ 3 fade advmod 3 fade fade VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 week case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 week det 6 week week NOUN Number=Sing 3 fade obl 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 two cc 8 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 week conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 fade punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fade present Bruises week usually property vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 8 Her feelings were bruised when nobody picked her.
nmod:poss nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod nsubj advcl obj punct root Her PRON feelings NOUN were AUX bruised VERB when ADV nobody PRON picked VERB her PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 feelings nmod:poss 2 feelings feeling NOUN Number=Plur 4 bruised nsubj:pass 3 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 bruised aux:pass 4 bruised bruise VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 when when ADV PronType=Int 7 picked advmod 6 nobody nobody PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 7 picked nsubj 7 picked pick VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 bruised advcl 8 her she PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 picked obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 bruised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bruise past · passive Her feelings vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient 2 pick past nobody her = she vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Patient
Example 9 “The doctor has ordered it because I have bruised my foot.”
punct det nsubj:pass aux obj mark nsubj:pass aux advcl nmod:poss obj punct punct root “ PUNCT The DET doctor NOUN has AUX ordered VERB it PRON because SCONJ I PRON have AUX bruised VERB my PRON foot NOUN . PUNCT ” PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 5 ordered punct 2 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 doctor det 3 doctor doctor NOUN Number=Sing 5 ordered nsubj:pass 4 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 ordered aux 5 ordered order VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 ordered obj 7 because because SCONJ _ 10 bruised mark 8 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 10 bruised nsubj:pass 9 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 bruised aux 10 bruised bruise VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 ordered advcl 11 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 foot nmod:poss 12 foot foot NOUN Number=Sing 10 bruised obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 ordered punct 14 ” " PUNCT _ 5 ordered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 order in a quote present · perfect · passive the doctor it vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary it=Theme 2 bruise in a quote present · perfect · passive I tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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