butter Who acts: Butter, people, something, Peanut butter, you, Mum · What happens: be, make, spread, use, mean, crush · To what, where: soft yellow food, cream, bread, cooking, butter, crushed nuts
«butter» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: butter in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Butter is a soft, yellow food made from cream, which people spread on bread or use in cooking.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop det amod punct amod acl case obl punct obj nsubj parataxis case obl cc conj case obl punct root Butter NOUN is AUX a DET soft ADJ , PUNCT yellow ADJ food NOUN made VERB from ADP cream NOUN , PUNCT which PRON people NOUN spread VERB on ADP bread NOUN or CCONJ use VERB in ADP cooking NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 7 food nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 food cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 food det 4 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos 7 food amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 soft punct 6 yellow yellow ADJ Degree=Pos 7 food amod 7 food food NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 food acl 9 from from ADP _ 10 cream case 10 cream cream NOUN Number=Sing 8 made obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 spread punct 12 which which PRON PronType=Rel 14 spread obj 13 people people NOUN Number=Plur 14 spread nsubj 14 spread spread VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 food parataxis 15 on on ADP _ 16 bread case 16 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 14 spread obl 17 or or CCONJ _ 18 use cc 18 use use VERB VerbForm=Inf 14 spread conj 19 in in ADP _ 20 cooking case 20 cooking cooking NOUN Number=Sing 18 use obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 7 food punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Butter a soft yellow food tree rules 2 make participle a soft yellow food not said here cream vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from cream=Material 3 spread present people a soft yellow food bread vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent which=Theme on bread=Destination 4 use infinitive people not said here cooking vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To butter something means to spread butter on it.
mark compound nsubj mark xcomp obj case obl punct root To PART butter NOUN something PRON means VERB to PART spread VERB butter NOUN on ADP it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 butter mark 2 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 3 something compound 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 4 means nsubj 4 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 to to PART _ 6 spread mark 6 spread spread VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 means xcomp 7 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 6 spread obj 8 on on ADP _ 9 it case 9 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 spread obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present something vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 spread not said to happen to-infinitive something not said here butter butter vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent butter=Theme on it=Destination
Meaning 3 Peanut butter and other «butters» are smooth spreads made from crushed nuts or seeds.
The tree, 14 words compound nsubj cc amod punct conj punct cop conj xcomp case amod obl cc conj punct root Peanut NOUN butter NOUN and CCONJ other ADJ « PUNCT butters NOUN » PUNCT are AUX smooth ADJ spreads VERB made VERB from ADP crushed VERB nuts NOUN or CCONJ seeds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Peanut peanut NOUN Number=Sing 2 butter compound 2 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 10 spreads nsubj 3 and and CCONJ _ 6 butters cc 4 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 6 butters amod 5 « « PUNCT _ 6 butters punct 6 butters butter NOUN Number=Plur 2 butter conj 7 » » PUNCT _ 6 butters punct 8 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 smooth cop 9 smooth smooth ADJ Degree=Pos 2 butter conj 10 spreads spread VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 11 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 spreads xcomp 12 from from ADP _ 14 nuts case 13 crushed crush VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 14 nuts amod 14 nuts nut NOUN Number=Plur 11 made obl 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 seeds cc 16 seeds seed NOUN Number=Plur 14 nuts conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 10 spreads punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Peanut butter and other butters not said here smooth property tree rules 2 spread present Peanut butter and other butters tree rules 3 make participle Peanut butter and other butters not said here crushed nuts or seeds vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from nut=Material 4 crush participle vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
Example 1 Spread some butter on your toast.
det obj case nmod:poss obl punct root Spread VERB some DET butter NOUN on ADP your PRON toast NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Spread spread VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 some some DET PronType=Ind 3 butter det 3 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 1 Spread obj 4 on on ADP _ 6 toast case 5 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 toast nmod:poss 6 toast toast NOUN Number=Sing 1 Spread obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Spread punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread imperative you not said here some butter your toast vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent butter=Theme on toast=Destination
Example 2 Mum buttered the bread for our sandwiches.
nsubj det obj case nmod:poss obl punct root Mum NOUN buttered VERB the DET bread NOUN for ADP our PRON sandwiches NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 2 buttered nsubj 2 buttered butter VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 bread det 4 bread bread NOUN Number=Sing 2 buttered obj 5 for for ADP _ 7 sandwiches case 6 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 sandwiches nmod:poss 7 sandwiches sandwich NOUN Number=Plur 2 buttered obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 buttered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 butter past Mum the bread for our sandwiches vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent bread=Destination
Example 3 Butter melts in a hot pan.
nsubj case det amod obl punct root Butter NOUN melts VERB in ADP a DET hot ADJ pan NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 2 melts nsubj 2 melts melt VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 in in ADP _ 6 pan case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 pan det 5 hot hot ADJ Degree=Pos 6 pan amod 6 pan pan NOUN Number=Sing 2 melts obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 melts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 melt present Butter a hot pan vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 4 We made butter at school by shaking cream in a jar.
nsubj obj case obl mark advcl obj case det obl punct root We PRON made VERB butter NOUN at ADP school NOUN by SCONJ shaking VERB cream NOUN in ADP a DET jar NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obj 4 at at ADP _ 5 school case 5 school school NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obl 6 by by SCONJ _ 7 shaking mark 7 shaking shake VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 made advcl 8 cream cream NOUN Number=Sing 7 shaking obj 9 in in ADP _ 11 jar case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 jar det 11 jar jar NOUN Number=Sing 7 shaking obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past We butter school vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent butter=Product 2 shake gerund We not said here cream a jar vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent cream=Theme in jar=Trajectory
Example 5 Keep the butter in the fridge so it stays fresh.
det obj case det obl advmod nsubj advcl xcomp punct root Keep VERB the DET butter NOUN in ADP the DET fridge NOUN so ADV it PRON stays VERB fresh ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Keep keep VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 butter det 3 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 1 Keep obj 4 in in ADP _ 6 fridge case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 fridge det 6 fridge fridge NOUN Number=Sing 1 Keep obl 7 so so ADV _ 9 stays advmod 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 stays nsubj 9 stays stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Keep advcl 10 fresh fresh ADJ Degree=Pos 9 stays xcomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 Keep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep imperative you not said here the butter the fridge vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent butter=Theme in fridge=Location 2 stay present butter fresh property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 I'm allergic to peanuts, so I can't eat peanut butter.
nsubj cop case obl punct advmod nsubj aux advmod parataxis compound obj punct root I PRON 'm AUX allergic ADJ to ADP peanuts NOUN , PUNCT so ADV I PRON ca AUX n't PART eat VERB peanut NOUN butter NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 allergic nsubj 2 'm be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 allergic cop 3 allergic allergic ADJ Degree=Pos root root 4 to to ADP _ 5 peanuts case 5 peanuts peanut NOUN Number=Plur 3 allergic obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 11 eat punct 7 so so ADV _ 11 eat advmod 8 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 11 eat nsubj 9 ca can AUX VerbForm=Fin 11 eat aux 10 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 11 eat advmod 11 eat eat VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 allergic parataxis 12 peanut peanut NOUN Number=Sing 13 butter compound 13 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 11 eat obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 allergic punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present I to peanuts; allergic property tree rules 2 not eat can I peanut butter vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent butter=Patient
Example 7 You need butter, sugar, flour and eggs to make a cake.
nsubj obj punct conj punct conj cc conj mark advcl det obj punct root You PRON need VERB butter NOUN , PUNCT sugar NOUN , PUNCT flour NOUN and CCONJ eggs NOUN to PART make VERB a DET cake NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 2 need nsubj 2 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 2 need obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 sugar punct 5 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 3 butter conj 6 , , PUNCT _ 7 flour punct 7 flour flour NOUN Number=Sing 3 butter conj 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 eggs cc 9 eggs egg NOUN Number=Plur 3 butter conj 10 to to PART _ 11 make mark 11 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 need advcl 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 cake det 13 cake cake NOUN Number=Sing 11 make obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 need punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present You butter and sugar and flour and eggs vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot butter=Theme 2 make to-infinitive You not said here a cake vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cake=Product
Example 8 Oops, butterfingers! You dropped the ball again.
Sentence 1: Oops, butterfingers!
discourse punct punct root Oops INTJ , PUNCT butterfingers NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Oops oops INTJ _ 3 butterfingers discourse 2 , , PUNCT _ 1 Oops punct 3 butterfingers butterfinger NOUN Number=Plur root root 4 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 butterfingers punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Sentence 2: You dropped the ball again.
nsubj det obj advmod punct root You PRON dropped VERB the DET ball NOUN again ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 2 dropped nsubj 2 dropped drop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 ball det 4 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 2 dropped obj 5 again again ADV _ 2 dropped advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 dropped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 drop past You the ball again vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Theme
Example 9 “Curly is taking both butter and honey.”
punct amod aux cc:preconj obj cc conj punct punct root “ PUNCT Curly ADJ is AUX taking VERB both CCONJ butter NOUN and CCONJ honey NOUN . PUNCT ” PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 4 taking punct 2 Curly curly ADJ Degree=Pos 4 taking amod 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 taking aux 4 taking take VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 both both CCONJ _ 6 butter cc:preconj 6 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 4 taking obj 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 honey cc 8 honey honey NOUN Number=Sing 6 butter conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 taking punct 10 ” " PUNCT _ 4 taking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take in a quote present · progressive butter and honey vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent butter=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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