cholera Who acts: Cholera, serious illness, body, drinking, John, Clean water · What happens: be, cause, give, make, lose, kill · To what, where: serious illness, bad diarrhoea, body, water, clean water, most people
«cholera» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cholera in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Cholera is a serious illness caused by germs (bacteria) in dirty water or food, which gives very bad diarrhoea and makes the body lose water quickly.
The tree, 26 words nsubj cop det amod acl case obl punct appos punct case amod obl cc conj punct nsubj parataxis advmod amod obj cc conj det obj xcomp obj advmod punct root Cholera NOUN is AUX a DET serious ADJ illness NOUN caused VERB by ADP germs NOUN ( PUNCT bacteria NOUN ) PUNCT in ADP dirty ADJ water NOUN or CCONJ food NOUN , PUNCT which PRON gives VERB very ADV bad ADJ diarrhoea NOUN and CCONJ makes VERB the DET body NOUN lose VERB water NOUN quickly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 5 illness nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 illness cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 illness det 4 serious serious ADJ Degree=Pos 5 illness amod 5 illness illness NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 caused cause VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 illness acl 7 by by ADP _ 8 germs case 8 germs germ NOUN Number=Plur 6 caused obl 9 ( ( PUNCT _ 10 bacteria punct 10 bacteria bacterium NOUN Number=Plur 8 germs appos 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 10 bacteria punct 12 in in ADP _ 14 water case 13 dirty dirty ADJ Degree=Pos 14 water amod 14 water water NOUN Number=Sing 6 caused obl 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 food cc 16 food food NOUN Number=Sing 14 water conj 17 , , PUNCT _ 19 gives punct 18 which which PRON PronType=Rel 19 gives nsubj 19 gives give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 illness parataxis 20 very very ADV _ 21 bad advmod 21 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 22 diarrhoea amod 22 diarrhoea diarrhoea NOUN Number=Sing 19 gives obj 23 and and CCONJ _ 24 makes cc 24 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 19 gives conj 25 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 26 body det 26 body body NOUN Number=Sing 24 makes obj 27 lose lose VERB VerbForm=Inf 24 makes xcomp 28 water water NOUN Number=Sing 27 lose obj 29 quickly quickly ADV _ 27 lose advmod 30 . . PUNCT _ 5 illness punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Cholera a serious illness tree rules 2 cause participle a serious illness not said here by germs; in dirty water or food vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition in water=Patient 3 give present a serious illness bad diarrhoea vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent diarrhoea=Theme 4 make present a serious illness not said here the body tree rules 5 lose infinitive the body not said here water quickly property vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Eventuality
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Without treatment cholera can kill, but drinking clean water with salts and sugar (rehydration) and medicine save most people.
The tree, 19 words case compound obl aux punct cc csubj amod obj case obl cc conj punct appos punct cc conj conj amod obj punct root Without ADP treatment NOUN cholera NOUN can AUX kill VERB , PUNCT but CCONJ drinking VERB clean ADJ water NOUN with ADP salts NOUN and CCONJ sugar NOUN ( PUNCT rehydration NOUN ) PUNCT and CCONJ medicine NOUN save VERB most ADJ people NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Without without ADP _ 3 cholera case 2 treatment treatment NOUN Number=Sing 3 cholera compound 3 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 5 kill obl 4 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 5 kill aux 5 kill kill VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 20 save punct 7 but but CCONJ _ 20 save cc 8 drinking drink VERB VerbForm=Ger 20 save csubj 9 clean clean ADJ Degree=Pos 10 water amod 10 water water NOUN Number=Sing 8 drinking obj 11 with with ADP _ 12 salts case 12 salts salt NOUN Number=Plur 8 drinking obl 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 sugar cc 14 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 12 salts conj 15 ( ( PUNCT _ 16 rehydration punct 16 rehydration rehydration NOUN Number=Sing 14 sugar appos 17 ) ) PUNCT _ 16 rehydration punct 18 and and CCONJ _ 19 medicine cc 19 medicine medicine NOUN Number=Sing 14 sugar conj 20 save save VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 kill conj 21 most most ADJ Degree=Sup 22 people amod 22 people people NOUN Number=Plur 20 save obj 23 . . PUNCT _ 5 kill punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill can without treatment cholera vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 drink gerund clean water with salts and sugar and medicine vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient 3 save present drinking most people vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme
Example 1 Cholera spreads through dirty drinking water.
nsubj case amod compound obl punct root Cholera NOUN spreads VERB through ADP dirty ADJ drinking NOUN water NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 2 spreads nsubj 2 spreads spread VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 through through ADP _ 6 water case 4 dirty dirty ADJ Degree=Pos 6 water amod 5 drinking drinking NOUN Number=Sing 6 water compound 6 water water NOUN Number=Sing 2 spreads obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 spreads punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread present Cholera dirty drinking water vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through water=Location
Example 2 John Snow traced cholera to one water pump.
nsubj flat obj case nummod compound obl punct root John PROPN Snow PROPN traced VERB cholera NOUN to ADP one NUM water NOUN pump NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 John John PROPN Number=Sing 3 traced nsubj 2 Snow Snow PROPN Number=Sing 1 John flat 3 traced trace VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 3 traced obj 5 to to ADP _ 8 pump case 6 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 8 pump nummod 7 water water NOUN Number=Sing 8 pump compound 8 pump pump NOUN Number=Sing 3 traced obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 traced punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 trace past John cholera to one water pump vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cholera=Theme
Example 3 Clean water and toilets stopped cholera in many cities.
amod nsubj cc conj obj case amod obl punct root Clean ADJ water NOUN and CCONJ toilets NOUN stopped VERB cholera NOUN in ADP many ADJ cities NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Clean clean ADJ Degree=Pos 2 water amod 2 water water NOUN Number=Sing 5 stopped nsubj 3 and and CCONJ _ 4 toilets cc 4 toilets toilet NOUN Number=Plur 2 water conj 5 stopped stop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 5 stopped obj 7 in in ADP _ 9 cities case 8 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 9 cities amod 9 cities city NOUN Number=Plur 5 stopped obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 stopped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stop past Clean water and toilets cholera many cities vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality cholera=Eventuality
Example 4 Aid workers rushed to stop a cholera outbreak after the flood.
compound nsubj mark xcomp det compound obj case det obl punct root Aid NOUN workers NOUN rushed VERB to PART stop VERB a DET cholera NOUN outbreak NOUN after ADP the DET flood NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Aid aid NOUN Number=Sing 2 workers compound 2 workers worker NOUN Number=Plur 3 rushed nsubj 3 rushed rush VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 stop mark 5 stop stop VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 rushed xcomp 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 outbreak det 7 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 8 outbreak compound 8 outbreak outbreak NOUN Number=Sing 5 stop obj 9 after after ADP _ 11 flood case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 flood det 11 flood flood NOUN Number=Sing 5 stop obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 rushed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rush past Aid workers vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Result 2 stop to-infinitive Aid workers not said here a cholera outbreak after the flood vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality outbreak=Eventuality
Example 5 People with cholera need lots of clean fluids.
nsubj case nmod obj case amod nmod punct root People NOUN with ADP cholera NOUN need VERB lots NOUN of ADP clean ADJ fluids NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 People people NOUN Number=Plur 4 need nsubj 2 with with ADP _ 3 cholera case 3 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 1 People nmod 4 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 lots lot NOUN Number=Plur 4 need obj 6 of of ADP _ 8 fluids case 7 clean clean ADJ Degree=Pos 8 fluids amod 8 fluids fluid NOUN Number=Plur 5 lots nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 need punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present People with cholera lots of clean fluids vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot lot=Theme
Example 6 There is a vaccine that helps protect against cholera.
expl det nsubj nsubj acl:relcl xcomp case obl punct root There PRON is VERB a DET vaccine NOUN that PRON helps VERB protect VERB against ADP cholera NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 is expl 2 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 vaccine det 4 vaccine vaccine NOUN Number=Sing 2 is nsubj 5 that that PRON PronType=Rel 6 helps nsubj 6 helps help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 vaccine acl:relcl 7 protect protect VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 helps xcomp 8 against against ADP _ 9 cholera case 9 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 7 protect obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be present a vaccine there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 help present a vaccine vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 3 protect infinitive a vaccine not said here against cholera vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent against cholera=Theme
Example 7 In Victorian times, cholera killed thousands in crowded towns.
case amod obl punct nsubj obj case amod nmod punct root In ADP Victorian ADJ times NOUN , PUNCT cholera NOUN killed VERB thousands NOUN in ADP crowded ADJ towns NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 times case 2 Victorian victorian ADJ Degree=Pos 3 times amod 3 times time NOUN Number=Plur 6 killed obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 times punct 5 cholera cholera NOUN Number=Sing 6 killed nsubj 6 killed kill VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 thousands thousand NOUN Number=Plur 6 killed obj 8 in in ADP _ 10 towns case 9 crowded crowded ADJ Degree=Pos 10 towns amod 10 towns town NOUN Number=Plur 7 thousands nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 killed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill past cholera thousands crowded towns time vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thousand=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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