cliff Who acts: cliff, cliffhanger, that, you, Seabirds, We · What happens: be, end, want, know, happen, make · To what, where: high steep wall, story, White Cliffs, cliffs, cliff path, cliffhanger · Speech: someone speaks here
«cliff» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: cliff in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A cliff is a high, steep wall of rock or earth, often at the edge of the sea.
The tree, 18 words det nsubj cop det amod punct amod case nmod cc conj punct advmod case det conj case det nmod punct root A DET cliff NOUN is AUX a DET high ADJ , PUNCT steep ADJ wall NOUN of ADP rock NOUN or CCONJ earth NOUN , PUNCT often ADV at ADP the DET edge NOUN of ADP the DET sea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cliff det 2 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 8 wall nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 wall cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 wall det 5 high high ADJ Degree=Pos 8 wall amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 high punct 7 steep steep ADJ Degree=Pos 8 wall amod 8 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 of of ADP _ 10 rock case 10 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 8 wall nmod 11 or or CCONJ _ 12 earth cc 12 earth earth NOUN Number=Sing 10 rock conj 13 , , PUNCT _ 17 edge punct 14 often often ADV _ 17 edge advmod 15 at at ADP _ 17 edge case 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 edge det 17 edge edge NOUN Number=Sing 8 wall conj 18 of of ADP _ 20 sea case 19 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 20 sea det 20 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 17 edge nmod 21 . . PUNCT _ 8 wall punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a cliff a high steep wall and the edge of the sea of rock or earth tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A cliffhanger is a story or episode that ends at an exciting moment so you want to know what happens next.
The tree, 21 words det nsubj cop det cc conj nsubj parataxis case det amod obl advmod nsubj advcl mark xcomp nsubj ccomp advmod punct root A DET cliffhanger NOUN is AUX a DET story NOUN or CCONJ episode NOUN that PRON ends VERB at ADP an DET exciting ADJ moment NOUN so ADV you PRON want VERB to PART know VERB what PRON happens VERB next ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 cliffhanger det 2 cliffhanger cliffhanger NOUN Number=Sing 5 story nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 story cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 story det 5 story story NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 episode cc 7 episode episode NOUN Number=Sing 5 story conj 8 that that PRON PronType=Rel 9 ends nsubj 9 ends end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 story parataxis 10 at at ADP _ 13 moment case 11 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 moment det 12 exciting exciting ADJ Degree=Pos 13 moment amod 13 moment moment NOUN Number=Sing 9 ends obl 14 so so ADV _ 16 want advmod 15 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 16 want nsubj 16 want want VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 ends advcl 17 to to PART _ 18 know mark 18 know know VERB VerbForm=Inf 16 want xcomp 19 what what PRON PronType=Int 20 happens nsubj 20 happens happen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 18 know ccomp 21 next next ADV _ 20 happens advmod 22 . . PUNCT _ 5 story punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a cliffhanger a story or episode tree rules 2 end present that moment vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 3 want present you vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme 4 know not said to happen to-infinitive you not said here vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus 5 happen present next property vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 The White Cliffs of Dover are made of chalk.
det amod nsubj:pass case nmod aux:pass case obl punct root The DET White ADJ Cliffs PROPN of ADP Dover PROPN are AUX made VERB of ADP chalk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 Cliffs det 2 White White ADJ Degree=Pos 3 Cliffs amod 3 Cliffs Cliff PROPN Number=Plur 7 made nsubj:pass 4 of of ADP _ 5 Dover case 5 Dover Dover PROPN Number=Sing 3 Cliffs nmod 6 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 made aux:pass 7 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 of of ADP _ 9 chalk case 9 chalk chalk NOUN Number=Sing 7 made obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present · passive the White Cliffs of Dover of chalk vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
Example 2 Stay away from the edge of the cliff.
advmod case det obl case det nmod punct root Stay VERB away ADV from ADP the DET edge NOUN of ADP the DET cliff NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Stay stay VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 away away ADV _ 1 Stay advmod 3 from from ADP _ 5 edge case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 edge det 5 edge edge NOUN Number=Sing 2 away obl 6 of of ADP _ 8 cliff case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 cliff det 8 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 5 edge nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Stay punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stay away imperative you not said here away property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Seabirds nest on the cliffs.
nsubj case det obl punct root Seabirds NOUN nest VERB on ADP the DET cliffs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Seabirds seabird NOUN Number=Plur 2 nest nsubj 2 nest nest VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 on on ADP _ 5 cliffs case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 cliffs det 5 cliffs cliff NOUN Number=Plur 2 nest obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 nest punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 nest present Seabirds the cliffs vn berry-13.7 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 4 We walked along the cliff path.
nsubj case det compound obl punct root We PRON walked VERB along ADP the DET cliff NOUN path NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 walked nsubj 2 walked walk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 along along ADP _ 6 path case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 path det 5 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 6 path compound 6 path path NOUN Number=Sing 2 walked obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 walked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 walk past We the cliff path vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along path=Trajectory
Example 5 The waves crash against the cliffs.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET waves NOUN crash VERB against ADP the DET cliffs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 waves det 2 waves wave NOUN Number=Plur 3 crash nsubj 3 crash crash VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 against against ADP _ 6 cliffs case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 cliffs det 6 cliffs cliff NOUN Number=Plur 3 crash obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 crash punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 crash present the waves the cliffs vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme against cliff=Location
Example 6 The book ended on a cliffhanger.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET book NOUN ended VERB on ADP a DET cliffhanger NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 book det 2 book book NOUN Number=Sing 3 ended nsubj 3 ended end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 on on ADP _ 6 cliffhanger case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 cliffhanger det 6 cliffhanger cliffhanger NOUN Number=Sing 3 ended obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 ended punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 end past the book a cliffhanger vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Example 7 The cliff edge was crumbling, so they put up a fence.
det compound nsubj aux punct advmod nsubj conj compound:prt det obj punct root The DET cliff NOUN edge NOUN was AUX crumbling VERB , PUNCT so ADV they PRON put VERB up ADP a DET fence NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 edge det 2 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 3 edge compound 3 edge edge NOUN Number=Sing 5 crumbling nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 crumbling aux 5 crumbling crumble VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 6 , , PUNCT _ 9 put punct 7 so so ADV _ 9 put advmod 8 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 put nsubj 9 put put VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 crumbling conj 10 up up ADP _ 9 put compound:prt 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 fence det 12 fence fence NOUN Number=Sing 9 put obj 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 crumbling punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 crumble past · progressive the cliff edge vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient 2 put up past they a fence vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent fence=Goal
Example 8 The Goat looked over the edge of the cliff.
det nsubj case det obl case det nmod punct root The DET Goat PROPN looked VERB over ADP the DET edge NOUN of ADP the DET cliff NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 Goat det 2 Goat Goat PROPN Number=Sing 3 looked nsubj 3 looked look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 over over ADP _ 6 edge case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 edge det 6 edge edge NOUN Number=Sing 3 looked obl 7 of of ADP _ 9 cliff case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 cliff det 9 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 6 edge nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 looked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look past the Goat over the edge of the cliff vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent over edge=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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