commerce Who acts: Commerce, London, it, river, Mum, small e-commerce shop · What happens: be, sell, mean, become, carry, run · To what, where: buying, whole world, dealings, great centre, commerce, farms · Speech: someone speaks here
«commerce» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: commerce in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, especially in large amounts between companies and countries.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop det cc conj case obl cc conj punct advmod case amod conj case nmod cc conj punct root Commerce NOUN is AUX the DET buying NOUN and CCONJ selling VERB of ADP goods NOUN and CCONJ services NOUN , PUNCT especially ADV in ADP large ADJ amounts NOUN between ADP companies NOUN and CCONJ countries NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 4 buying nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 buying cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 buying det 4 buying buying NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 and and CCONJ _ 6 selling cc 6 selling sell VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 buying conj 7 of of ADP _ 8 goods case 8 goods goods NOUN Number=Ptan 6 selling obl 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 services cc 10 services service NOUN Number=Plur 8 goods conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 amounts punct 12 especially especially ADV _ 15 amounts advmod 13 in in ADP _ 15 amounts case 14 large large ADJ Degree=Pos 15 amounts amod 15 amounts amount NOUN Number=Plur 4 buying conj 16 between between ADP _ 17 companies case 17 companies company NOUN Number=Plur 15 amounts nmod 18 and and CCONJ _ 19 countries cc 19 countries country NOUN Number=Plur 17 companies conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 4 buying punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Commerce the buying and large amounts between companies and countries tree rules 2 sell gerund Commerce not said here of goods and services vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.
Commerce is the whole world of trade and business in a place, such as shops, banks and markets.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop det amod case nmod cc conj case det nmod punct case fixed appos punct conj cc conj punct root Commerce NOUN is AUX the DET whole ADJ world NOUN of ADP trade NOUN and CCONJ business NOUN in ADP a DET place NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP shops NOUN , PUNCT banks NOUN and CCONJ markets NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 5 world nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 world cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 world det 4 whole whole ADJ Degree=Pos 5 world amod 5 world world NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 trade case 7 trade trade NOUN Number=Sing 5 world nmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 business cc 9 business business NOUN Number=Sing 5 world conj 10 in in ADP _ 12 place case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 place det 12 place place NOUN Number=Sing 9 business nmod 13 , , PUNCT _ 16 shops punct 14 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 16 shops case 15 as as ADP _ 14 such fixed 16 shops shop NOUN Number=Plur 12 place appos 17 , , PUNCT _ 18 banks punct 18 banks bank NOUN Number=Plur 16 shops conj 19 and and CCONJ _ 20 markets cc 20 markets market NOUN Number=Plur 16 shops conj 21 . . PUNCT _ 5 world punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Commerce the whole world and business in a place of trade tree rules
Meaning 3 Usage: old-fashioned — kept apart, not parsed.
Commerce can mean dealings or contact between people.
nsubj aux obj cc conj case nmod punct root Commerce NOUN can AUX mean VERB dealings NOUN or CCONJ contact NOUN between ADP people NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 3 mean nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 mean aux 3 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 dealings dealing NOUN Number=Plur 3 mean obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 contact cc 6 contact contact NOUN Number=Sing 4 dealings conj 7 between between ADP _ 8 people case 8 people people NOUN Number=Plur 6 contact nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean can Commerce dealings or contact between people vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dealing=Topic
Example 1 London became rich because it was a great centre of commerce.
nsubj xcomp mark nsubj cop det amod xcomp case nmod punct root London PROPN became VERB rich ADJ because SCONJ it PRON was AUX a DET great ADJ centre NOUN of ADP commerce NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 London London PROPN Number=Sing 2 became nsubj 2 became become VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 rich rich ADJ Degree=Pos 2 became xcomp 4 because because SCONJ _ 9 centre mark 5 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 centre nsubj 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 centre cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 centre det 8 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 9 centre amod 9 centre centre NOUN Number=Sing 2 became xcomp 10 of of ADP _ 11 commerce case 11 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 9 centre nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 became punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 become past London rich property vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient 2 is a past it a great centre of commerce tree rules
Example 2 The river carried commerce from the farms to the city.
det nsubj obj case det obl case det obl punct root The DET river NOUN carried VERB commerce NOUN from ADP the DET farms NOUN to ADP the DET city NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 river det 2 river river NOUN Number=Sing 3 carried nsubj 3 carried carry VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 3 carried obj 5 from from ADP _ 7 farms case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 farms det 7 farms farm NOUN Number=Plur 3 carried obl 8 to to ADP _ 10 city case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 city det 10 city city NOUN Number=Sing 3 carried obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 carried punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carry past the river commerce the farms to the city vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent commerce=Theme from farm=Initial_Location to city=Destination
Example 3 Mum runs a small e-commerce shop that sells knitted hats online.
nsubj det amod compound obj nsubj acl:relcl amod obj advmod punct root Mum NOUN runs VERB a DET small ADJ e-commerce NOUN shop NOUN that PRON sells VERB knitted VERB hats NOUN online ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 2 runs nsubj 2 runs run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 shop det 4 small small ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shop amod 5 e-commerce e-commerce NOUN Number=Sing 6 shop compound 6 shop shop NOUN Number=Sing 2 runs obj 7 that that PRON PronType=Rel 8 sells nsubj 8 sells sell VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 shop acl:relcl 9 knitted knit VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 hats amod 10 hats hat NOUN Number=Plur 8 sells obj 11 online online ADV _ 8 sells advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 runs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 run present Mum a small e-commerce shop vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme shop=Trajectory 2 sell present a small e-commerce shop knitted hats online property vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hat=Theme 3 knit participle vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Example 4 The chamber of commerce gave a prize to the best bakery in town.
det nsubj case nmod det obj case det amod obl case nmod punct root The DET chamber NOUN of ADP commerce NOUN gave VERB a DET prize NOUN to ADP the DET best ADJ bakery NOUN in ADP town NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 chamber det 2 chamber chamber NOUN Number=Sing 5 gave nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 4 commerce case 4 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 2 chamber nmod 5 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 prize det 7 prize prize NOUN Number=Sing 5 gave obj 8 to to ADP _ 11 bakery case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 bakery det 10 best good ADJ Degree=Sup 11 bakery amod 11 bakery bakery NOUN Number=Sing 5 gave obl 12 in in ADP _ 13 town case 13 town town NOUN Number=Sing 11 bakery nmod 14 . . PUNCT _ 5 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past the chamber of commerce a prize the best bakery in town vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent prize=Theme to bakery=Recipient
Example 5 Roads and railways helped commerce grow across Canada.
nsubj cc conj nsubj xcomp case obl punct root Roads NOUN and CCONJ railways NOUN helped VERB commerce NOUN grow VERB across ADP Canada PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Roads road NOUN Number=Plur 4 helped nsubj 2 and and CCONJ _ 3 railways cc 3 railways railway NOUN Number=Plur 1 Roads conj 4 helped help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 6 grow nsubj 6 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 helped xcomp 7 across across ADP _ 8 Canada case 8 Canada Canada PROPN Number=Sing 6 grow obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 helped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help past Roads and railways vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 grow infinitive commerce Canada vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 In the old port, commerce went on from dawn till dark.
case det amod obl punct nsubj advmod case obl case obl punct root In ADP the DET old ADJ port NOUN , PUNCT commerce NOUN went VERB on ADV from ADP dawn NOUN till ADP dark ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 4 port case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 port det 3 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 port amod 4 port port NOUN Number=Sing 7 went obl 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 port punct 6 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 7 went nsubj 7 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 on on ADV _ 7 went advmod 9 from from ADP _ 10 dawn case 10 dawn dawn NOUN Number=Sing 7 went obl 11 till till ADP _ 12 dark case 12 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 7 went obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 7 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go on past commerce the old port till dark; dawn vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme in port=Location
Example 7 Our class learned how commerce works by running a pretend market.
nmod:poss nsubj advmod nsubj ccomp mark advcl det amod obj punct root Our PRON class NOUN learned VERB how ADV commerce NOUN works VERB by SCONJ running VERB a DET pretend ADJ market NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 class nmod:poss 2 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 learned nsubj 3 learned learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 how how ADV PronType=Int 6 works advmod 5 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 6 works nsubj 6 works work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 learned ccomp 7 by by SCONJ _ 8 running mark 8 running run VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 6 works advcl 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 market det 10 pretend pretend ADJ Degree=Pos 11 market amod 11 market market NOUN Number=Sing 8 running obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 learned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past Our class vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 work present commerce vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 run gerund commerce not said here a pretend market vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme market=Trajectory
Example 8 Sailors brought spices to Europe through commerce with Asia.
nsubj obj case obl case obl case nmod punct root Sailors NOUN brought VERB spices NOUN to ADP Europe PROPN through ADP commerce NOUN with ADP Asia PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Sailors sailor NOUN Number=Plur 2 brought nsubj 2 brought bring VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 spices spice NOUN Number=Plur 2 brought obj 4 to to ADP _ 5 Europe case 5 Europe Europe PROPN Number=Sing 2 brought obl 6 through through ADP _ 7 commerce case 7 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 2 brought obl 8 with with ADP _ 9 Asia case 9 Asia Asia PROPN Number=Sing 7 commerce nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 brought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 bring past Sailors spices Europe commerce with Asia vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent spice=Theme to europe=Destination
Example 9 Mercury was the Roman god of commerce and gain.
nsubj cop det amod case nmod cc conj punct root Mercury PROPN was AUX the DET Roman ADJ god NOUN of ADP commerce NOUN and CCONJ gain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mercury Mercury PROPN Number=Sing 5 god nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 god cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 god det 4 Roman roman ADJ Degree=Pos 5 god amod 5 god god NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 commerce case 7 commerce commerce NOUN Number=Sing 5 god nmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 gain cc 9 gain gain NOUN Number=Sing 5 god conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 5 god punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past Mercury the Roman god and gain of commerce tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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