dark Who acts: Dark, dark colour, Dark hair, It, 5 dark blue pens, Dark chocolate · What happens: mean, be, get, cost, go, need · To what, where: place, 6 o'clock, more, school, light, nothing
«dark» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: dark in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Dark means with little or no light, like at night.
nsubj case amod cc det obl punct case case conj punct root Dark ADJ means VERB with ADP little ADJ or CCONJ no DET light NOUN , PUNCT like ADP at ADP night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 with with ADP _ 7 light case 4 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 7 light amod 5 or or CCONJ _ 7 light cc 6 no no DET PronType=Neg 7 light det 7 light light NOUN Number=Sing 2 means obl 8 , , PUNCT _ 11 night punct 9 like like ADP _ 11 night case 10 at at ADP _ 11 night case 11 night night NOUN Number=Sing 7 light conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Dark with no little light and night vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A dark colour is deep and close to black, like dark blue or dark green.
The tree, 15 words det amod nsubj cop cc conj case obl punct case amod amod cc conj conj punct root A DET dark ADJ colour NOUN is AUX deep ADJ and CCONJ close ADJ to ADP black ADJ , PUNCT like ADP dark ADJ blue ADJ or CCONJ dark ADJ green NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 colour det 2 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 3 colour amod 3 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 5 deep nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 deep cop 5 deep deep ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 close cc 7 close close ADJ Degree=Pos 5 deep conj 8 to to ADP _ 9 black case 9 black black ADJ Degree=Pos 7 close obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 16 green punct 11 like like ADP _ 16 green case 12 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 16 green amod 13 blue blue ADJ Degree=Pos 16 green amod 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 dark cc 15 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 13 blue conj 16 green green NOUN Number=Sing 5 deep conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 5 deep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present a dark colour deep property tree rules 2 be a dark colour not said here to black tree rules
Meaning 3 Dark hair, eyes or skin are deep brown or black.
amod nsubj punct conj cc conj cop amod cc conj punct root Dark ADJ hair NOUN , PUNCT eyes NOUN or CCONJ skin NOUN are AUX deep ADJ brown ADJ or CCONJ black ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 2 hair amod 2 hair hair NOUN Number=Sing 9 brown nsubj 3 , , PUNCT _ 4 eyes punct 4 eyes eye NOUN Number=Plur 2 hair conj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 skin cc 6 skin skin NOUN Number=Sing 2 hair conj 7 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 brown cop 8 deep deep ADJ Degree=Pos 9 brown amod 9 brown brown ADJ Degree=Pos root root 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 black cc 11 black black ADJ Degree=Pos 9 brown conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 brown punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Dark hair and eyes or skin brown property tree rules 2 be Dark hair and eyes or skin not said here tree rules
Meaning 4 The dark is the time or place with no light: «afraid of the dark».
The tree, 14 words det nsubj cop det nsubj cc case det nmod punct punct parataxis case det obl punct punct root The DET dark NOUN is AUX the DET time NOUN or CCONJ place NOUN with ADP no DET light NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT afraid ADJ of ADP the DET dark NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 dark det 2 dark dark NOUN Number=Sing 7 place nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 place cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 time det 5 time time NOUN Number=Sing 7 place nsubj 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 place cc 7 place place NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 with with ADP _ 10 light case 9 no no DET PronType=Neg 10 light det 10 light light NOUN Number=Sing 7 place nmod 11 : : PUNCT _ 13 afraid punct 12 « « PUNCT _ 13 afraid punct 13 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos 7 place parataxis 14 of of ADP _ 16 dark case 15 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 16 dark det 16 dark dark NOUN Number=Sing 13 afraid obl 17 » » PUNCT _ 13 afraid punct 18 . . PUNCT _ 7 place punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present the dark place with no light tree rules
Meaning 5 Dark can mean sad, scary or bad: «a dark story».
The tree, 10 words nsubj aux xcomp punct conj cc conj punct punct det amod parataxis punct punct root Dark NOUN can AUX mean VERB sad ADJ , PUNCT scary ADJ or CCONJ bad ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT a DET dark ADJ story NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dark dark NOUN Number=Sing 3 mean nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 mean aux 3 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 sad sad ADJ Degree=Pos 3 mean xcomp 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 scary punct 6 scary scary ADJ Degree=Pos 4 sad conj 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 bad cc 8 bad bad ADJ Degree=Pos 4 sad conj 9 : : PUNCT _ 3 mean punct 10 « « PUNCT _ 13 story punct 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 story det 12 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 13 story amod 13 story story NOUN Number=Sing 3 mean parataxis 14 » » PUNCT _ 13 story punct 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean can Dark sad property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
Example 1 It gets dark at 6 o'clock.
nsubj xcomp case nummod obl punct root It PRON gets VERB dark ADJ at ADP 6 NUM o'clock NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 gets nsubj 2 gets get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 2 gets xcomp 4 at at ADP _ 6 o'clock case 5 6 6 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 o'clock nummod 6 o'clock o'clock NOUN Number=Sing 2 gets obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 gets punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get present It 6 o'clock dark property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer
Example 2 There are 5 dark blue pens.
expl nummod amod amod nsubj punct root There PRON are VERB 5 NUM dark ADJ blue ADJ pens NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 are expl 2 are be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 pens nummod 4 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 6 pens amod 5 blue blue ADJ Degree=Pos 6 pens amod 6 pens pen NOUN Number=Plur 2 are nsubj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 are punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 does present 5 dark blue pens there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Dark chocolate costs more.
amod nsubj obj punct root Dark ADJ chocolate NOUN costs VERB more ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 2 chocolate amod 2 chocolate chocolate NOUN Number=Sing 3 costs nsubj 3 costs cost VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 more more ADJ Degree=Cmp 3 costs obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 3 costs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cost present Dark chocolate more vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme more=Value
Example 4 How many hours is it dark?
advmod amod nsubj cop nsubj punct root How ADV many ADJ hours NOUN is AUX it PRON dark ADJ ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 many advmod 2 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 3 hours amod 3 hours hour NOUN Number=Plur 6 dark nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 dark cop 5 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 dark nsubj 6 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 6 dark punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present many hours dark property tree rules
Example 5 Many children are afraid of the dark.
amod nsubj cop case det obl punct root Many ADJ children NOUN are AUX afraid ADJ of ADP the DET dark NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Many many ADJ Degree=Pos 2 children amod 2 children child NOUN Number=Plur 4 afraid nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 afraid cop 4 afraid afraid ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 of of ADP _ 7 dark case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 dark det 7 dark dark NOUN Number=Sing 4 afraid obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 afraid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Many children of the dark; afraid property tree rules
Example 6 In winter it is dark when we go home from school.
case obl nsubj cop advmod nsubj advcl advmod case obl punct root In ADP winter NOUN it PRON is AUX dark ADJ when ADV we PRON go VERB home ADV from ADP school NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 winter case 2 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 5 dark obl 3 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 dark nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 dark cop 5 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 when when ADV PronType=Int 8 go advmod 7 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 8 go nsubj 8 go go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 dark advcl 9 home home ADV _ 8 go advmod 10 from from ADP _ 11 school case 11 school school NOUN Number=Sing 8 go obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 dark punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present it winter dark property tree rules 2 go present we school home property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme from school=Initial_Location
Example 7 We need light to see, so in the dark we see nothing.
nsubj obj mark acl punct advmod case det obl nsubj conj obj punct root We PRON need VERB light NOUN to PART see VERB , PUNCT so ADV in ADP the DET dark NOUN we PRON see VERB nothing PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 need nsubj 2 need need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 light light NOUN Number=Sing 2 need obj 4 to to PART _ 5 see mark 5 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 light acl 6 , , PUNCT _ 12 see punct 7 so so ADV _ 12 see advmod 8 in in ADP _ 10 dark case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 dark det 10 dark dark NOUN Number=Sing 12 see obl 11 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 12 see nsubj 12 see see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 need conj 13 nothing nothing PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 12 see obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 2 need punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present We light vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot light=Theme 2 see to-infinitive We not said here light not said here vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer 3 see present we nothing the dark vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer nothing=Stimulus
Example 8 Wear something bright if you walk after dark.
obj amod mark nsubj advcl case obl punct root Wear VERB something PRON bright ADJ if SCONJ you PRON walk VERB after ADP dark ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wear wear VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Wear obj 3 bright bright ADJ Degree=Pos 2 something amod 4 if if SCONJ _ 6 walk mark 5 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 6 walk nsubj 6 walk walk VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Wear advcl 7 after after ADP _ 8 dark case 8 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 6 walk obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Wear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wear imperative you not said here something vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent something=Theme 2 walk a condition, not said to happen present you after dark vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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