defamation

Who acts: Defamation, person, their, actor, Spreading, judge · What happens: say, write, damage, name, call, speak · To what, where: something, good name, Defamation, spoken defamation, newspaper, lies · Speech: someone speaks here

«defamation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: defamation in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

Defamation is saying or writing something untrue about a person that damages their good name.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 saying	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 saying	aux
3	saying	say	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 writing	cc
5	writing	write	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 saying	conj
6	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	5 writing	obj
7	untrue	untrue	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 something	amod
8	about	about	ADP	_	10 person	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 person	det
10	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 untrue	obl
11	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	12 damages	nsubj
12	damages	damage	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 person	acl:relcl
13	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 name	nmod:poss
14	good	good	ADJ	Degree=Pos	15 name	amod
15	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 damages	obj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 saying	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present · progressive	Defamation		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	write	gerund	Defamation not said here	something	vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme
3	damage	present	a person	their good name	vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent name=Patient
4	name		their = they		nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Defamation in writing is called libel; spoken defamation is called slander.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 called	nsubj:pass
2	in	in	ADP	_	3 writing	case
3	writing	writing	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Defamation	nmod
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 called	aux:pass
5	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	libel	libel	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 called	xcomp
7	;	;	PUNCT	_	11 called	punct
8	spoken	speak	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 defamation	amod
9	defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 called	nsubj:pass
10	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 called	aux:pass
11	called	call	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 called	conj
12	slander	slander	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 called	xcomp
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 called	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	roles by
1	call	present · passive	Defamation in writing	vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
2	speak speech: other	participle		vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	call	present · passive	spoken defamation	vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient

Example 1

The actor sued the newspaper for defamation.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 actor	det
2	actor	actor	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 sued	nsubj
3	sued	sue	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 newspaper	det
5	newspaper	newspaper	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 sued	obj
6	for	for	ADP	_	7 defamation	case
7	defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 sued	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 sued	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sue	past	the actor	the newspaper				for defamation	tree rules

Example 2

Spreading lies online about someone can be defamation.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Spreading	spread	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 defamation	csubj
2	lies	lie	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Spreading	obj
3	online	online	ADV	_	1 Spreading	advmod
4	about	about	ADP	_	5 someone	case
5	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	1 Spreading	obl
6	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 defamation	aux
7	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	8 defamation	cop
8	defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 defamation	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spread	gerund		lies				about someone; online property	vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent lie=Theme about someone=Destination
2	is a	can	Spreading	defamation					tree rules

Example 3

The judge said the article was defamation because it was not true.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 judge	det
2	judge	judge	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 said	nsubj
3	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 article	det
5	article	article	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 defamation	nsubj
6	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 defamation	cop
7	defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 said	ccomp
8	because	because	SCONJ	_	12 true	mark
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 true	nsubj
10	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 true	cop
11	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	12 true	advmod
12	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 said	ccomp
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 said	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	past	the judge			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is a	past	the article	defamation		tree rules
3	not is	past	article		true property	tree rules

Example 4

A defamation case can cost a lot of money.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 case	det
2	defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 case	compound
3	case	case	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 cost	nsubj
4	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 cost	aux
5	cost	cost	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 lot	det
7	lot	lot	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 cost	obj
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 money	case
9	money	money	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 lot	nmod
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 cost	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cost	can	a defamation case	a lot of money					vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme lot=Value

Example 5

It isn't defamation if what you say is true and fair.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 defamation	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 defamation	cop
3	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 defamation	advmod
4	defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	if	if	SCONJ	_	10 true	mark
6	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	10 true	nsubj
7	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	8 say	nsubj
8	say	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 what	acl:relcl
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 true	cop
10	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 defamation	acl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 fair	cc
12	fair	fair	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 true	conj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 defamation	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	not is a	present	It	defamation		tree rules
2	say speech: assert	present	you			vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
3	is a condition, not said to happen	present	defamation		true property	tree rules
4	be		defamation not said here			tree rules

Example 6

Calling someone a thief without proof could be defamation of character.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Calling	call	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 defamation	csubj
2	someone	someone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	1 Calling	obj
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 thief	det
4	thief	thief	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Calling	xcomp
5	without	without	ADP	_	6 proof	case
6	proof	proof	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Calling	obl
7	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	9 defamation	aux
8	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	9 defamation	cop
9	defamation	defamation	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 character	case
11	character	character	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 defamation	nmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 defamation	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	call	gerund			someone			without proof	vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent someone=Recipient
2	is a	could	Calling	defamation				of character	tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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