defy Who acts: danger, I, girl, climbers · What happens: defy, be, not obey, not beat, do, catch · To what, where: someone, them, something, you, me, teacher
«defy» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: defy in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To defy someone is to refuse openly to obey them.
mark advcl obj cop mark advmod mark xcomp obj punct root To PART defy VERB someone PRON is AUX to PART refuse VERB openly ADV to PART obey VERB them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 defy mark 2 defy defy VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 refuse advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 defy obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 refuse cop 5 to to PART _ 6 refuse mark 6 refuse refuse VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 openly openly ADV _ 6 refuse advmod 8 to to PART _ 9 obey mark 9 obey obey VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 refuse xcomp 10 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 obey obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 refuse punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 defy to-infinitive someone tree rules 2 is present openly, refuse property tree rules 3 not obey to-infinitive them = they vn abide_by-93.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 To defy something, such as a law or danger, is to face it boldly as if it cannot beat you.
The tree, 21 words mark advcl obj punct case fixed det nmod cc conj punct cop mark obj advmod mark mark nsubj aux advmod advcl obj punct root To PART defy VERB something PRON , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP a DET law NOUN or CCONJ danger NOUN , PUNCT is AUX to PART face VERB it PRON boldly ADV as SCONJ if SCONJ it PRON can AUX not PART beat VERB you PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 defy mark 2 defy defy VERB VerbForm=Inf 14 face advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 defy obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 8 law punct 5 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 8 law case 6 as as ADP _ 5 such fixed 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 law det 8 law law NOUN Number=Sing 3 something nmod 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 danger cc 10 danger danger NOUN Number=Sing 8 law conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 2 defy punct 12 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 face cop 13 to to PART _ 14 face mark 14 face face VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 15 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 14 face obj 16 boldly boldly ADV Degree=Pos 14 face advmod 17 as as SCONJ _ 22 beat mark 18 if if SCONJ _ 22 beat mark 19 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 22 beat nsubj 20 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 22 beat aux 21 not not PART Polarity=Neg 22 beat advmod 22 beat beat VERB VerbForm=Inf 14 face advcl 23 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 22 beat obj 24 . . PUNCT _ 14 face punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 defy to-infinitive something such a law or danger tree rules 2 is present boldly, face property tree rules 3 not beat can danger you vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location you=Theme
Meaning 3 To defy someone is also to dare them to do something.
mark advcl obj cop advmod mark obj mark xcomp obj punct root To PART defy VERB someone PRON is AUX also ADV to PART dare VERB them PRON to PART do VERB something PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 defy mark 2 defy defy VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 dare advcl 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 defy obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 dare cop 5 also also ADV _ 7 dare advmod 6 to to PART _ 7 dare mark 7 dare dare VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 8 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 dare obj 9 to to PART _ 10 do mark 10 do do VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 dare xcomp 11 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 10 do obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 7 dare punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 defy to-infinitive someone tree rules 2 is present dare property tree rules 3 do to-infinitive something vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality
Example 1 I defy you to catch me!
nsubj obj mark advcl obj punct root I PRON defy VERB you PRON to PART catch VERB me PRON ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 defy nsubj 2 defy defy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 2 defy obj 4 to to PART _ 5 catch mark 5 catch catch VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 defy advcl 6 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 catch obj 7 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 defy punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 defy present I you tree rules 2 catch to-infinitive I not said here me vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme
Example 2 The girl defied her teacher and stayed outside.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj cc conj advmod punct root The DET girl NOUN defied VERB her PRON teacher NOUN and CCONJ stayed VERB outside ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 girl det 2 girl girl NOUN Number=Sing 3 defied nsubj 3 defied defy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 teacher nmod:poss 5 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 defied obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 stayed cc 7 stayed stay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 defied conj 8 outside outside ADV _ 7 stayed advmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 defied punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 defy past the girl girl's teacher tree rules 2 stay past the girl not said here outside property vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 The climbers defied the storm and reached the top.
det nsubj det obj cc conj det obj punct root The DET climbers NOUN defied VERB the DET storm NOUN and CCONJ reached VERB the DET top NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 climbers det 2 climbers climber NOUN Number=Plur 3 defied nsubj 3 defied defy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 storm det 5 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 3 defied obj 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 reached cc 7 reached reach VERB Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 defied conj 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 top det 9 top top NOUN Number=Sing 7 reached obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 defied punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 defy past the climbers the storm tree rules 2 reach past the climbers not said here the top vn body_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent top=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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