dismal
Who acts: Dismal, cellar, dismal room, rain, town · What happens: mean, be, have, make, look · To what, where: dark, windows, town
«dismal» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 4 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: dismal in the school dictionary.
Meaning 1
Dismal means dark, gloomy, sad and dreary; not cheerful at all.
The tree, 11 words
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dismal | dismal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 means | nsubj |
| 2 | means | mean | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 means | obj |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 gloomy | punct |
| 5 | gloomy | gloomy | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 dark | conj |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 7 sad | punct |
| 7 | sad | sad | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 dark | conj |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 9 dreary | cc |
| 9 | dreary | dreary | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 dark | conj |
| 10 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 12 cheerful | punct |
| 11 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 12 cheerful | advmod |
| 12 | cheerful | cheerful | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 means | conj |
| 13 | at | at | ADP | _ | 14 all | case |
| 14 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 12 cheerful | obl |
| 15 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 means | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | mean | present | Dismal | dark | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dark=Topic |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1
The cellar was dark and dismal.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 cellar | det |
| 2 | cellar | cellar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 dark | nsubj |
| 3 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 4 dark | cop |
| 4 | dark | dark | ADJ | Degree=Pos | root | root |
| 5 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 dismal | cc |
| 6 | dismal | dismal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 dark | conj |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 dark | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is | past | the cellar | dark property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | be | the cellar not said here | tree rules |
Example 2
What a dismal day for a picnic!
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | What | what | DET | PronType=Int | 4 day | det:predet |
| 2 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 day | det |
| 3 | dismal | dismal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 day | amod |
| 4 | day | day | NOUN | Number=Sing | root | root |
| 5 | for | for | ADP | _ | 7 picnic | case |
| 6 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 picnic | det |
| 7 | picnic | picnic | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 day | nmod |
| 8 | ! | ! | PUNCT | _ | 4 day | punct |
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 3
The dismal room had no windows.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 room | det |
| 2 | dismal | dismal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 room | amod |
| 3 | room | room | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 had | nsubj |
| 4 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | no | no | DET | PronType=Neg | 6 windows | det |
| 6 | windows | window | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 had | obj |
| 7 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 had | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | past | the dismal room | no windows | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent window=Patient |
Example 4
The rain made the town look dismal.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 2 rain | det |
| 2 | rain | rain | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 made | nsubj |
| 3 | made | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 5 town | det |
| 5 | town | town | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 made | obj |
| 6 | look | look | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 made | xcomp |
| 7 | dismal | dismal | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 look | xcomp |
| 8 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 made | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | past | the rain | the town | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | look | infinitive | the town not said here | dismal property | vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/dismal/