downward Who acts: Downward, ball, path, Gravity, graph, you · What happens: mean, move, point, go down, roll, slope · To what, where: objects, downward trend, face, mat
«downward» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: downward in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Downward means moving or pointing towards a lower place.
nsubj xcomp cc conj case det amod obl punct root Downward NOUN means VERB moving VERB or CCONJ pointing VERB towards ADP a DET lower ADJ place NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Downward downward NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 moving move VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 means xcomp 4 or or CCONJ _ 5 pointing cc 5 pointing point VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 moving conj 6 towards towards ADP _ 9 place case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 place det 8 lower low ADJ Degree=Cmp 9 place amod 9 place place NOUN Number=Sing 5 pointing obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Downward vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 move not said to happen gerund Downward not said here vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 3 point gerund Downward not said here towards a lower place vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent towards place=Recipient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Downward means going down in amount, as in a downward trend.
nsubj xcomp advmod case obl punct case case det amod obl punct root Downward NOUN means VERB going VERB down ADV in ADP amount NOUN , PUNCT as ADP in ADP a DET downward ADJ trend NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Downward downward NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 going go VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 means xcomp 4 down down ADV _ 3 going advmod 5 in in ADP _ 6 amount case 6 amount amount NOUN Number=Sing 3 going obl 7 , , PUNCT _ 12 trend punct 8 as as ADP _ 12 trend case 9 in in ADP _ 12 trend case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 trend det 11 downward downward ADJ Degree=Pos 12 trend amod 12 trend trend NOUN Number=Sing 3 going obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Downward vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 go down not said to happen gerund Downward not said here as a downward trend; in amount; down property vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in amount=Attribute
Example 1 The ball rolled downward.
det nsubj advmod punct root The DET ball NOUN rolled VERB downward ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 ball det 2 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 3 rolled nsubj 3 rolled roll VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 downward downward ADV _ 3 rolled advmod 5 . . PUNCT _ 3 rolled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 roll past the ball downward property vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 The path slopes downward to the beach.
det nsubj advmod case det obl punct root The DET path NOUN slopes VERB downward ADV to ADP the DET beach NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 path det 2 path path NOUN Number=Sing 3 slopes nsubj 3 slopes slope VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 downward downward ADV _ 3 slopes advmod 5 to to ADP _ 7 beach case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 beach det 7 beach beach NOUN Number=Sing 3 slopes obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 slopes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 slope present the path to the beach; downward property vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 3 Gravity pulls objects downward.
nsubj obj advmod punct root Gravity NOUN pulls VERB objects NOUN downward ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gravity gravity NOUN Number=Sing 2 pulls nsubj 2 pulls pull VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 objects object NOUN Number=Plur 2 pulls obj 4 downward downward ADV _ 2 pulls advmod 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 pulls punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pull present Gravity objects downward property vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent object=Theme
Example 4 The graph shows a downward trend in sales.
det nsubj det amod obj case nmod punct root The DET graph NOUN shows VERB a DET downward ADJ trend NOUN in ADP sales NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 graph det 2 graph graph NOUN Number=Sing 3 shows nsubj 3 shows show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 trend det 5 downward downward ADJ Degree=Pos 6 trend amod 6 trend trend NOUN Number=Sing 3 shows obj 7 in in ADP _ 8 sales case 8 sales sale NOUN Number=Plur 6 trend nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 shows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show present the graph a downward trend in sales vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent trend=Patient in sale=Topic
Example 5 Lie face downward on the mat.
obj advmod case det obl punct root Lie VERB face NOUN downward ADV on ADP the DET mat NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lie lie VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 face face NOUN Number=Sing 1 Lie obj 3 downward downward ADV _ 1 Lie advmod 4 on on ADP _ 6 mat case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 mat det 6 mat mat NOUN Number=Sing 1 Lie obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Lie punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lie imperative you not said here face the mat downward property vn spatial_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location face=Theme
Example 6 Prices are moving downward this month.
nsubj aux advmod det obl:unmarked punct root Prices NOUN are AUX moving VERB downward ADV this DET month NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Prices price NOUN Number=Plur 3 moving nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 moving aux 3 moving move VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 downward downward ADV _ 3 moving advmod 5 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 6 month det 6 month month NOUN Number=Sing 3 moving obl:unmarked 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 moving punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 move present · progressive Prices month downward property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 Still the young man moved slowly downward.
advmod det amod nsubj advmod advmod punct root Still ADV the DET young ADJ man NOUN moved VERB slowly ADV downward ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Still still ADV _ 5 moved advmod 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 man det 3 young young ADJ Degree=Pos 4 man amod 4 man man NOUN Number=Sing 5 moved nsubj 5 moved move VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 slowly slowly ADV _ 7 downward advmod 7 downward downward ADV _ 5 moved advmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 moved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 move past the young man still downward property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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