dray

Who acts: cart, big dray horse, brewery, drays · What happens: pull, use, carry, rattle, show, load · To what, where: low strong cart, horses, heavy loads, goods, barrels, town

«dray» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: dray in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A low, strong cart without sides, pulled by horses, used to carry heavy loads like barrels of beer.

The tree, 18 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 cart	det
2	low	low	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cart	amod
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 low	punct
4	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 cart	amod
5	cart	cart	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	without	without	ADP	_	7 sides	case
7	sides	side	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 cart	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 pulled	punct
9	pulled	pull	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 cart	acl
10	by	by	ADP	_	11 horses	case
11	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 pulled	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 used	punct
13	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 horses	acl
14	to	to	PART	_	15 carry	mark
15	carry	carry	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	13 used	advcl
16	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 loads	amod
17	loads	load	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 carry	obj
18	like	like	ADP	_	19 barrels	case
19	barrels	barrel	NOUN	Number=Plur	17 loads	nmod
20	of	of	ADP	_	21 beer	case
21	beer	beer	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 barrels	nmod
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 cart	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	other	roles by
1	pull	participle	a low strong cart without sides not said here	by horses	vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	use	participle	horses not said here		vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	carry	to-infinitive	heavy loads	like barrels of beer	vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: Australia, old — kept apart, not parsed.

Any cart or wagon for carrying goods.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	2 cart	det
2	cart	cart	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	or	or	CCONJ	_	4 wagon	cc
4	wagon	wagon	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 cart	conj
5	for	for	SCONJ	_	6 carrying	mark
6	carrying	carry	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 cart	acl
7	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	6 carrying	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 cart	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	carry	gerund	any cart or wagon not said here	goods					vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goods=Theme

Example 1

A big dray horse pulled the barrels through the town.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 horse	det
2	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 horse	amod
3	dray	dray	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 horse	compound
4	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 pulled	nsubj
5	pulled	pull	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 barrels	det
7	barrels	barrel	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 pulled	obj
8	through	through	ADP	_	10 town	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 town	det
10	town	town	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 pulled	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 pulled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull	past	a big dray horse	the barrels		the town			vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent barrel=Theme

Example 2

In Victorian London, drays rattled over the cobbles.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 Victorian	case
2	Victorian	Victorian	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 rattled	obl
3	London	London	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Victorian	flat
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 Victorian	punct
5	drays	dray	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 rattled	aux:pass
6	rattled	rattle	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	over	over	ADP	_	9 cobbles	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 cobbles	det
9	cobbles	cobble	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 rattled	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 rattled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	rattle	present · passive				Victorian		over the cobbles	vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: in victorian=Location

Example 3

The brewery shows its drays at the county fair.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 brewery	det
2	brewery	brewery	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shows	nsubj
3	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 drays	nmod:poss
5	drays	dray	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 shows	obj
6	at	at	ADP	_	8 county	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 county	det
8	county	county	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shows	obl
9	fair	fair	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 shows	xcomp
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 shows	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	show	present	the brewery	brewery's drays		the county		fair property	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent dray=Recipient

Example 4

The barrels were loaded onto the dray.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 barrels	det
2	barrels	barrel	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 loaded	nsubj:pass
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 loaded	aux:pass
4	loaded	load	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	onto	onto	ADP	_	7 dray	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 dray	det
7	dray	dray	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 loaded	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 loaded	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	load	past · passive		the barrels		the dray			vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme onto dray=Destination

Example 5

Shire horses are often used as dray horses.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Shire	Shire	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 horses	compound
2	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 used	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 used	aux:pass
4	often	often	ADV	_	5 used	advmod
5	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	as	as	ADP	_	8 horses	case
7	dray	dray	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 horses	compound
8	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 used	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 used	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	present · passive		Shire horses				as dray horses; often property	vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as horse=Attribute

Example 6

In old Australia, drays carried wool to the ports.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 Australia	case
2	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 Australia	amod
3	Australia	Australia	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 carried	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 Australia	punct
5	drays	dray	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 carried	nsubj
6	carried	carry	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	wool	wool	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 carried	obj
8	to	to	ADP	_	10 ports	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 ports	det
10	ports	port	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 carried	obl
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 carried	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	carry	past	drays	wool		old Australia		to the ports	vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent wool=Theme to port=Destination

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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