ellipsis

Who acts: punctuation mark, words, sentence, I, She, you · What happens: show, be, trail off, mark, leave out, understand · To what, where: three dots, words, swim, box, nothing, ellipsis · Speech: someone speaks here

«ellipsis» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: ellipsis in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

The punctuation mark of three dots (…) that shows words are missing or that a sentence trails off.

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 mark	det
2	punctuation	punctuation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 mark	compound
3	mark	mark	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	6 dots	case
5	three	three	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	6 dots	nummod
6	dots	dot	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 mark	nmod
7	(	(	PUNCT	_	8 …	punct
8	…	…	PUNCT	_	6 dots	punct
9	)	)	PUNCT	_	6 dots	punct
10	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 shows	nsubj
11	shows	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 mark	acl:relcl
12	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 missing	nsubj
13	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 missing	cop
14	missing	missing	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 shows	ccomp
15	or	or	CCONJ	_	19 trails	cc
16	that	that	SCONJ	_	19 trails	mark
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 sentence	det
18	sentence	sentence	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 trails	nsubj
19	trails	trail	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 missing	conj
20	off	off	ADP	_	19 trails	compound:prt
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 mark	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	show	present	the punctuation mark of three dots			vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	is	present	words		missing property	tree rules
3	trail off	present	a sentence			vn chase-51.6 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
4	mark			three dots		nom mark «cognition transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Usage: grammar — kept apart, not parsed.

Leaving out words that are understood, as in «I can swim and so can Tom» (swim is left out).

The tree, 19 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Leaving	leave	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	out	out	ADP	_	1 Leaving	compound:prt
3	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Leaving	obj
4	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	6 understood	nsubj:pass
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 understood	aux:pass
6	understood	understand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 words	acl:relcl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 swim	punct
8	as	as	SCONJ	_	13 swim	mark
9	in	in	SCONJ	_	13 swim	mark
10	«	«	PUNCT	_	13 swim	punct
11	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	13 swim	nsubj
12	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 swim	aux
13	swim	swim	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 understood	parataxis
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	16 can	cc
15	so	so	ADV	_	16 can	advmod
16	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	1 Leaving	aux
17	Tom	Tom	PROPN	Number=Sing	16 can	vocative
18	»	»	PUNCT	_	17 Tom	punct
19	(	(	PUNCT	_	22 left	punct
20	swim	swim	NOUN	Number=Sing	22 left	nsubj:pass
21	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 left	aux:pass
22	left	leave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	16 can	parataxis
23	out	out	ADP	_	22 left	compound:prt
24	)	)	PUNCT	_	22 left	punct
25	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Leaving	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	leave out	can		words	vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Theme
2	understand	present · passive		words	tree rules
3	swim in a quote	can	I		vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	leave out	present · passive		swim	vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme

Example 1

She opened the box and saw… nothing!

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 opened	nsubj
2	opened	open	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 box	det
4	box	box	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 opened	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 saw	cc
6	saw	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 opened	conj
7	…	…	PUNCT	_	8 nothing	punct
8	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	6 saw	obj
9	!	!	PUNCT	_	2 opened	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	open	past	She	the box					vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location box=Theme
2	see	past	She not said here	nothing					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer nothing=Stimulus

Example 2

Use an ellipsis to make the reader wait.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Use	use	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 ellipsis	det
3	ellipsis	ellipsis	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Use	obj
4	to	to	PART	_	5 make	mark
5	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Use	advcl
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 reader	det
7	reader	reader	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 make	obj
8	wait	wait	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 make	xcomp
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Use	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	use	imperative	you not said here	a ellipsis	vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ellipsis=Patient
2	make	to-infinitive	you not said here	the reader	tree rules
3	wait	infinitive	the reader not said here		vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 3

«Well… I'm not sure,» said Max.

Sentence 1: «Well…

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	2 Well	punct
2	Well	well	INTJ	_	root	root
3	…	.	PUNCT	_	2 Well	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Sentence 2: I'm not sure,» said Max.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	I	I	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs	4 sure	nsubj
2	'm	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 sure	cop
3	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	4 sure	advmod
4	sure	sure	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 said	punct
6	»	»	PUNCT	_	7 said	punct
7	said	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 sure	ccomp
8	Max	Max	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 said	nsubj
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 sure	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not is	present	I					sure property	tree rules
2	say speech: assert in a quote	past	Max						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent

Example 4

The writer used an ellipsis to leave out part of the quote.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 writer	det
2	writer	writer	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 used	nsubj
3	used	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 ellipsis	det
5	ellipsis	ellipsis	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 used	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	7 leave	mark
7	leave	leave	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 used	advcl
8	out	out	ADP	_	7 leave	compound:prt
9	part	part	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 leave	obj
10	of	of	ADP	_	12 quote	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 quote	det
12	quote	quote	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 part	nmod
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 used	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	past	the writer	a ellipsis					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ellipsis=Patient
2	leave out	to-infinitive	the writer not said here	part of the quote					vn neglect-75.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Theme

Example 5

Don't put four dots — an ellipsis has three.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Do	do	AUX	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	3 put	aux
2	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	3 put	advmod
3	put	put	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	four	four	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 dots	nummod
5	dots	dot	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 put	obj
6	—	-	PUNCT	_	9 has	punct
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 ellipsis	det
8	ellipsis	ellipsis	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 has	nsubj
9	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 put	parataxis
10	three	three	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	9 has	obj
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 put	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not put	imperative · do-support	you not said here	four dots					vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent dot=Goal
2	have	present	a ellipsis	three					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent three=Patient

Example 6

«Want some?» «Yes, please» is an example of ellipsis.

Sentence 1: «Want some?»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	2 Want	punct
2	Want	want	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 Want	obj
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 Want	punct
5	»	»	PUNCT	_	2 Want	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	want in a quote	imperative	you not said here	some					vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot some=Theme

Sentence 2: «Yes, please» is an example of ellipsis.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	8 example	punct
2	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	8 example	discourse
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 Yes	punct
4	please	please	INTJ	_	8 example	discourse
5	»	»	PUNCT	_	4 please	punct
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 example	cop
7	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 example	det
8	example	example	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 ellipsis	case
10	ellipsis	ellipsis	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 example	nmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 example	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present		a example				of ellipsis	tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/E/ellipsis/