fudge Who acts: Fudge, facts, unclear compromise, swear word, something, Gran · What happens: be, make, fudge, give, change, look · To what, where: soft sweet candy, sugar, something, clear answer, facts, unclear compromise · Speech: someone speaks here
«fudge» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: fudge in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Fudge is a soft, sweet candy made from sugar, butter and milk, often with chocolate.
The tree, 15 words nsubj cop det amod punct amod acl case obl punct conj cc conj punct advmod case conj punct root Fudge NOUN is AUX a DET soft ADJ , PUNCT sweet ADJ candy NOUN made VERB from ADP sugar NOUN , PUNCT butter NOUN and CCONJ milk NOUN , PUNCT often ADV with ADP chocolate NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing 7 candy nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 candy cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 candy det 4 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos 7 candy amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 soft punct 6 sweet sweet ADJ Degree=Pos 7 candy amod 7 candy candy NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 candy acl 9 from from ADP _ 10 sugar case 10 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 8 made obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 butter punct 12 butter butter NOUN Number=Sing 10 sugar conj 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 milk cc 14 milk milk NOUN Number=Sing 10 sugar conj 15 , , PUNCT _ 18 chocolate punct 16 often often ADV _ 18 chocolate advmod 17 with with ADP _ 18 chocolate case 18 chocolate chocolate NOUN Number=Sing 7 candy conj 19 . . PUNCT _ 7 candy punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Fudge a soft sweet candy and chocolate tree rules 2 make participle a soft sweet candy and chocolate not said here sugar and butter and milk vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from sugar=Material
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.
To fudge something is to avoid giving a clear answer, or to change facts or numbers a little to make them look better.
The tree, 23 words mark advcl obj cop mark xcomp det amod obj punct cc mark conj obj cc conj det obl:unmarked mark advcl obj xcomp xcomp punct root To PART fudge VERB something PRON is AUX to PART avoid VERB giving VERB a DET clear ADJ answer NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ to PART change VERB facts NOUN or CCONJ numbers NOUN a DET little ADJ to PART make VERB them PRON look VERB better ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 fudge mark 2 fudge fudge VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 avoid advcl 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 fudge obj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 avoid cop 5 to to PART _ 6 avoid mark 6 avoid avoid VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 giving give VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 avoid xcomp 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 answer det 9 clear clear ADJ Degree=Pos 10 answer amod 10 answer answer NOUN Number=Sing 7 giving obj 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 change punct 12 or or CCONJ _ 14 change cc 13 to to PART _ 14 change mark 14 change change VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 avoid conj 15 facts fact NOUN Number=Plur 14 change obj 16 or or CCONJ _ 17 numbers cc 17 numbers number NOUN Number=Plur 15 facts conj 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 little det 19 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 17 numbers obl:unmarked 20 to to PART _ 21 make mark 21 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 14 change advcl 22 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 21 make obj 23 look look VERB VerbForm=Inf 21 make xcomp 24 better good ADJ Degree=Cmp 23 look xcomp 25 . . PUNCT _ 6 avoid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fudge to-infinitive something tree rules 2 is present avoid property tree rules 3 give gerund a clear answer vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent answer=Theme 4 change to-infinitive facts or numbers vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fact=Patient 5 make to-infinitive facts = fact tree rules 6 look infinitive facts = fact not said here good property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Meaning 3 Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.
A fudge is an unclear compromise that hides a problem.
det nsubj cop det amod nsubj acl:relcl det obj punct root A DET fudge NOUN is AUX an DET unclear ADJ compromise NOUN that PRON hides VERB a DET problem NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 fudge det 2 fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing 6 compromise nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 compromise cop 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 compromise det 5 unclear unclear ADJ Degree=Pos 6 compromise amod 6 compromise compromise NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 that that PRON PronType=Rel 8 hides nsubj 8 hides hide VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 compromise acl:relcl 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 problem det 10 problem problem NOUN Number=Sing 8 hides obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 compromise punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a fudge a unclear compromise tree rules 2 hide present a unclear compromise a problem vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent problem=Patient
Meaning 4 Usage: informal, euphemism — kept apart, not parsed.
"Oh fudge!" is a polite way of saying a swear word when something goes wrong.
The tree, 15 words punct discourse nsubj punct punct cop det amod mark acl det compound obj mark nsubj advcl xcomp punct root " PUNCT Oh INTJ fudge NOUN ! PUNCT " PUNCT is AUX a DET polite ADJ way NOUN of SCONJ saying VERB a DET swear NOUN word NOUN when SCONJ something PRON goes VERB wrong ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 3 fudge punct 2 Oh oh INTJ _ 3 fudge discourse 3 fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing 9 way nsubj 4 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 fudge punct 5 " " PUNCT _ 3 fudge punct 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 way cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 way det 8 polite polite ADJ Degree=Pos 9 way amod 9 way way NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 of of SCONJ _ 11 saying mark 11 saying say VERB VerbForm=Ger 9 way acl 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 word det 13 swear swear NOUN Number=Sing 14 word compound 14 word word NOUN Number=Sing 11 saying obj 15 when when SCONJ _ 17 goes mark 16 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 17 goes nsubj 17 goes go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 saying advcl 18 wrong wrong ADJ Degree=Pos 17 goes xcomp 19 . . PUNCT _ 9 way punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present fudge a polite way tree rules 2 say speech: assert gerund a swear word a polite way not said here vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent way=Topic 3 go present something wrong property vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 1 Gran makes chocolate fudge for the holidays.
nsubj compound obj case det obl punct root Gran PROPN makes VERB chocolate NOUN fudge NOUN for ADP the DET holidays NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gran Gran PROPN Number=Sing 2 makes nsubj 2 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 chocolate chocolate NOUN Number=Sing 4 fudge compound 4 fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing 2 makes obj 5 for for ADP _ 7 holidays case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 holidays det 7 holidays holiday NOUN Number=Plur 2 makes obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 makes punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present Gran chocolate fudge for the holidays vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent fudge=Material for holiday=Beneficiary
Example 2 We bought fudge at the seaside shop.
nsubj aux case det compound obl punct root We PRON bought AUX fudge VERB at ADP the DET seaside NOUN shop NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 fudge nsubj 2 bought bought AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 fudge aux 3 fudge fudge VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 at at ADP _ 7 shop case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 shop det 6 seaside seaside NOUN Number=Sing 7 shop compound 7 shop shop NOUN Number=Sing 3 fudge obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 fudge punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fudge We the seaside shop tree rules
Example 3 Don't fudge your results; write what really happened.
aux advmod nmod:poss obj punct conj nsubj advmod ccomp punct root Do AUX n't PART fudge VERB your PRON results NOUN ; PUNCT write VERB what PRON really ADV happened VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 fudge aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 fudge advmod 3 fudge fudge VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 results nmod:poss 5 results result NOUN Number=Plur 3 fudge obj 6 ; ; PUNCT _ 7 write punct 7 write write VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 fudge conj 8 what what PRON PronType=Int 10 happened nsubj 9 really really ADV _ 10 happened advmod 10 happened happen VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 write ccomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 fudge punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not fudge imperative · do-support you not said here your results tree rules 2 write infinitive you not said here vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 happen past vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 result your nom result «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent
Example 4 He fudged the question and didn't really answer.
nsubj det obj cc aux advmod advmod conj punct root He PRON fudged VERB the DET question NOUN and CCONJ did AUX n't PART really ADV answer VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 fudged nsubj 2 fudged fudge VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 question det 4 question question NOUN Number=Sing 2 fudged obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 9 answer cc 6 did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 answer aux 7 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 9 answer advmod 8 really really ADV _ 9 answer advmod 9 answer answer VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 fudged conj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 fudged punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fudge past He the question tree rules 2 not answer speech: assert past · do-support He not said here vn reciprocate-112-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 5 Oh fudge, I've dropped my ice cream!
discourse vocative punct nsubj aux nmod:poss compound obj punct root Oh INTJ fudge NOUN , PUNCT I PRON 've AUX dropped VERB my PRON ice NOUN cream NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Oh oh INTJ _ 6 dropped discourse 2 fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing 1 Oh vocative 3 , , PUNCT _ 1 Oh punct 4 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 dropped nsubj 5 've have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 dropped aux 6 dropped drop VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 7 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 cream nmod:poss 8 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 9 cream compound 9 cream cream NOUN Number=Sing 6 dropped obj 10 ! ! PUNCT _ 6 dropped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 drop present · perfect I my ice cream vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cream=Theme
Example 6 The recipe needs 400 g of sugar for the fudge.
det nsubj nummod obj case nmod case det nmod punct root The DET recipe NOUN needs VERB 400 NUM g NOUN of ADP sugar NOUN for ADP the DET fudge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 recipe det 2 recipe recipe NOUN Number=Sing 3 needs nsubj 3 needs need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 400 400 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 g nummod 5 g G NOUN Number=Sing 3 needs obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 sugar case 7 sugar sugar NOUN Number=Sing 5 g nmod 8 for for ADP _ 10 fudge case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 fudge det 10 fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing 7 sugar nmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 needs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present the recipe 400 g of sugar for the fudge vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot g=Theme
Example 7 Cut the fudge into 24 squares.
det obj case nummod obl punct root Cut VERB the DET fudge NOUN into ADP 24 NUM squares NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Cut cut VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 fudge det 3 fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing 1 Cut obj 4 into into ADP _ 6 squares case 5 24 24 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 6 squares nummod 6 squares square NOUN Number=Plur 1 Cut obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Cut punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cut imperative you not said here the fudge 24 squares vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent fudge=Material into square=Product
Example 8 The plan was a fudge that pleased nobody.
det nsubj cop det nsubj acl:relcl obl punct root The DET plan NOUN was AUX a DET fudge NOUN that PRON pleased ADJ nobody PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 plan det 2 plan plan NOUN Number=Sing 5 fudge nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 fudge cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 fudge det 5 fudge fudge NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 pleased nsubj 7 pleased pleased ADJ Degree=Pos 5 fudge acl:relcl 8 nobody nobody PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 7 pleased obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 fudge punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past the plan a fudge tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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