gene Who acts: gene, living thing, You, Genes, Tall parents, Scientists · What happens: be, carry, pass down, get, help, decide · To what, where: tiny part, cells, instructions, children, genes, eye colour
«gene» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: gene in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A gene is a tiny part of the DNA inside the cells of a living thing that carries instructions passed down from parents to children, such as for eye colour or the shape of a leaf.
The tree, 36 words det nsubj cop det amod case det nmod case det nmod case det compound nmod nsubj acl:relcl obj acl compound:prt case obl case obl punct case fixed case compound appos cc det conj case det nmod punct root A DET gene NOUN is AUX a DET tiny ADJ part NOUN of ADP the DET DNA NOUN inside ADP the DET cells NOUN of ADP a DET living NOUN thing NOUN that PRON carries VERB instructions NOUN passed VERB down ADP from ADP parents NOUN to ADP children NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP for ADP eye NOUN colour NOUN or CCONJ the DET shape NOUN of ADP a DET leaf NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 gene det 2 gene gene NOUN Number=Sing 6 part nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 part cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 part det 5 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 6 part amod 6 part part NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 9 DNA case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 DNA det 9 DNA DNA NOUN Number=Sing 6 part nmod 10 inside inside ADP _ 12 cells case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 cells det 12 cells cell NOUN Number=Plur 6 part nmod 13 of of ADP _ 16 thing case 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 thing det 15 living living NOUN Number=Sing 16 thing compound 16 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 12 cells nmod 17 that that PRON PronType=Rel 18 carries nsubj 18 carries carry VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 thing acl:relcl 19 instructions instruction NOUN Number=Plur 18 carries obj 20 passed pass VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 19 instructions acl 21 down down ADP _ 20 passed compound:prt 22 from from ADP _ 23 parents case 23 parents parent NOUN Number=Plur 18 carries obl 24 to to ADP _ 25 children case 25 children child NOUN Number=Plur 18 carries obl 26 , , PUNCT _ 31 colour punct 27 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 31 colour case 28 as as ADP _ 27 such fixed 29 for for ADP _ 31 colour case 30 eye eye NOUN Number=Sing 31 colour compound 31 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 25 children appos 32 or or CCONJ _ 34 shape cc 33 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 34 shape det 34 shape shape NOUN Number=Sing 31 colour conj 35 of of ADP _ 37 leaf case 36 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 37 leaf det 37 leaf leaf NOUN Number=Sing 34 shape nmod 38 . . PUNCT _ 6 part punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a gene a tiny part the cells of a living thing of the DNA tree rules 2 carry present a living thing instructions children from parents vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.initial_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent instruction=Theme from parent=Initial_Location to child=Destination 3 pass down participle instructions not said here vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 You get your genes from both your parents.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case det:predet nmod:poss obl punct root You PRON get VERB your PRON genes NOUN from ADP both DET your PRON parents NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 2 get nsubj 2 get get VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 genes nmod:poss 4 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 2 get obj 5 from from ADP _ 8 parents case 6 both both DET PronType=Tot 8 parents det:predet 7 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 parents nmod:poss 8 parents parent NOUN Number=Plur 2 get obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 get punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 get present You your genes from your parents vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent gene=Theme from parent=Source
Example 2 Genes help decide your eye colour.
nsubj xcomp nmod:poss compound obj punct root Genes NOUN help VERB decide VERB your PRON eye NOUN colour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 2 help nsubj 2 help help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 decide decide VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 help xcomp 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 colour nmod:poss 5 eye eye NOUN Number=Sing 6 colour compound 6 colour colour NOUN Number=Sing 3 decide obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 help punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present Genes vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme 2 decide infinitive Genes not said here your eye colour vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent colour=Topic
Example 3 Tall parents often have tall children because of their genes.
amod nsubj advmod amod obj case fixed nmod:poss obl punct root Tall ADJ parents NOUN often ADV have VERB tall ADJ children NOUN because ADP of ADP their PRON genes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 2 parents amod 2 parents parent NOUN Number=Plur 4 have nsubj 3 often often ADV _ 4 have advmod 4 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 6 children amod 6 children child NOUN Number=Plur 4 have obj 7 because because ADP ExtPos=ADP 10 genes case 8 of of ADP _ 7 because fixed 9 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 genes nmod:poss 10 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 4 have obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 4 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Tall parents tall children because parents's genes; often property vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent child=Patient
Example 4 Every living thing has genes, even plants.
det compound nsubj obj punct advmod conj punct root Every DET living NOUN thing NOUN has VERB genes NOUN , PUNCT even ADV plants NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Every every DET PronType=Tot 3 thing det 2 living living NOUN Number=Sing 3 thing compound 3 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing 4 has nsubj 4 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 4 has obj 6 , , PUNCT _ 8 plants punct 7 even even ADV _ 8 plants advmod 8 plants plant NOUN Number=Plur 5 genes conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present every living thing genes and plants vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gene=Patient
Example 5 Scientists study genes to understand diseases.
nsubj obj mark advcl obj punct root Scientists NOUN study VERB genes NOUN to PART understand VERB diseases NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 study nsubj 2 study study VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 2 study obj 4 to to PART _ 5 understand mark 5 understand understand VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 study advcl 6 diseases disease NOUN Number=Plur 5 understand obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 study punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 study present Scientists genes vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gene=Topic 2 understand to-infinitive Scientists not said here diseases vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer disease=Stimulus
Example 6 Twins who are identical have the same genes.
nsubj nsubj cop acl:relcl det amod obj punct root Twins NOUN who PRON are AUX identical ADJ have VERB the DET same ADJ genes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Twins twin NOUN Number=Plur 5 have nsubj 2 who who PRON PronType=Rel 4 identical nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 identical cop 4 identical identical ADJ Degree=Pos 1 Twins acl:relcl 5 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 genes det 7 same same ADJ Degree=Pos 8 genes amod 8 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 5 have obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Twins identical property tree rules 2 have present Twins the same genes vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gene=Patient
Example 7 It runs in the family, it must be in the genes!
nsubj case det obl punct nsubj aux cop case det obl punct root It PRON runs VERB in ADP the DET family NOUN , PUNCT it PRON must AUX be AUX in ADP the DET genes NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 runs nsubj 2 runs run VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 in in ADP _ 5 family case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 family det 5 family family NOUN Number=Sing 2 runs obl 6 , , PUNCT _ 12 genes punct 7 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 genes nsubj 8 must must AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 genes aux 9 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 12 genes cop 10 in in ADP _ 12 genes case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 genes det 12 genes gene NOUN Number=Plur 2 runs obl 13 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 runs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 run present It the family vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in family=Trajectory 2 is must family the genes tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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