gill Who acts: Gills, fish, Tadpoles, frogs, Whales, you · What happens: be, use, breathe, take, mean, have · To what, where: body parts, oxygen, water, thin lines, cap, cheeks
«gill» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: gill in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Gills are the body parts that fish and some other water animals use to breathe; they take oxygen from the water.
The tree, 21 words nsubj cop det compound obj nsubj cc det amod compound conj acl:relcl mark advcl punct nsubj acl:relcl obj case det obl punct root Gills NOUN are AUX the DET body NOUN parts NOUN that PRON fish NOUN and CCONJ some DET other ADJ water NOUN animals NOUN use VERB to PART breathe VERB ; PUNCT they PRON take VERB oxygen NOUN from ADP the DET water NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 5 parts nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 parts cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 parts det 4 body body NOUN Number=Sing 5 parts compound 5 parts part NOUN Number=Plur root root 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 13 use obj 7 fish fish NOUN Number=Plur 13 use nsubj 8 and and CCONJ _ 12 animals cc 9 some some DET PronType=Ind 12 animals det 10 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 12 animals amod 11 water water NOUN Number=Sing 12 animals compound 12 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 7 fish conj 13 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 parts acl:relcl 14 to to PART _ 15 breathe mark 15 breathe breathe VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 use advcl 16 ; ; PUNCT _ 18 take punct 17 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 18 take nsubj 18 take take VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 parts acl:relcl 19 oxygen oxygen NOUN Number=Sing 18 take obj 20 from from ADP _ 22 water case 21 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 22 water det 22 water water NOUN Number=Sing 18 take obl 23 . . PUNCT _ 5 parts punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Gills the body parts tree rules 2 use present fish and some other water animals the body parts vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Patient 3 breathe to-infinitive fish and some other water animals not said here vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 take present fish oxygen the water vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme from water=Initial_Location
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Gills are also the thin lines under the cap of a mushroom.
nsubj cop advmod det amod case det nmod case det nmod punct root Gills NOUN are AUX also ADV the DET thin ADJ lines NOUN under ADP the DET cap NOUN of ADP a DET mushroom NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 6 lines nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 lines cop 3 also also ADV _ 6 lines advmod 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 lines det 5 thin thin ADJ Degree=Pos 6 lines amod 6 lines line NOUN Number=Plur root root 7 under under ADP _ 9 cap case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 cap det 9 cap cap NOUN Number=Sing 6 lines nmod 10 of of ADP _ 12 mushroom case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 mushroom det 12 mushroom mushroom NOUN Number=Sing 9 cap nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 lines punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Gills the thin lines the cap of a mushroom tree rules
Meaning 3 Usage: old, informal — kept apart, not parsed.
Gills can also mean a person's cheeks or face, as in "pale to the gills", meaning very pale with fear.
The tree, 21 words nsubj aux advmod det nmod:poss case obj cc conj punct mark case punct parataxis case det obl punct punct advcl advmod xcomp case obl punct root Gills NOUN can AUX also ADV mean VERB a DET person NOUN 's PART cheeks NOUN or CCONJ face NOUN , PUNCT as SCONJ in ADP " PUNCT pale ADJ to ADP the DET gills NOUN " PUNCT , PUNCT meaning VERB very ADV pale ADJ with ADP fear NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 4 mean nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 mean aux 3 also also ADV _ 4 mean advmod 4 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 person det 6 person person NOUN Number=Sing 8 cheeks nmod:poss 7 's 's PART _ 6 person case 8 cheeks cheek NOUN Number=Plur 4 mean obj 9 or or CCONJ _ 10 face cc 10 face face NOUN Number=Sing 8 cheeks conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 15 pale punct 12 as as SCONJ _ 15 pale mark 13 in in ADP _ 15 pale case 14 " " PUNCT _ 15 pale punct 15 pale pale ADJ Degree=Pos 4 mean parataxis 16 to to ADP _ 18 gills case 17 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 gills det 18 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 15 pale obl 19 " " PUNCT _ 15 pale punct 20 , , PUNCT _ 21 meaning punct 21 meaning mean VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 mean advcl 22 very very ADV _ 23 pale advmod 23 pale pale ADJ Degree=Pos 21 meaning xcomp 24 with with ADP _ 25 fear case 25 fear fear NOUN Number=Sing 23 pale obl 26 . . PUNCT _ 4 mean punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean can Gills a person's cheeks or face tree rules 2 mean gerund Gills not said here pale property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Example 1 Fish breathe through their gills.
nsubj case nmod:poss obl punct root Fish NOUN breathe VERB through ADP their PRON gills NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Fish fish NOUN Number=Plur 2 breathe nsubj 2 breathe breathe VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 through through ADP _ 5 gills case 4 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 gills nmod:poss 5 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 2 breathe obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 breathe punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 breathe present Fish Fish's gills vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 2 Tadpoles have gills, but frogs have lungs.
nsubj obj punct cc nsubj conj obj punct root Tadpoles NOUN have VERB gills NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ frogs NOUN have VERB lungs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tadpoles tadpole NOUN Number=Plur 2 have nsubj 2 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 2 have obj 4 , , PUNCT _ 7 have punct 5 but but CCONJ _ 7 have cc 6 frogs frog NOUN Number=Plur 7 have nsubj 7 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 have conj 8 lungs lung NOUN Number=Plur 7 have obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Tadpoles gills vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gill=Patient 2 have present frogs lungs vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lung=Patient
Example 3 The shark's gills look like slits.
det nmod:poss case nsubj case obl punct root The DET shark NOUN 's PART gills NOUN look VERB like ADP slits NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 shark det 2 shark shark NOUN Number=Sing 4 gills nmod:poss 3 's 's PART _ 2 shark case 4 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 5 look nsubj 5 look look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 like like ADP _ 7 slits case 7 slits slit NOUN Number=Plur 5 look obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present the shark's gills like slits vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
Example 4 Whales do not have gills.
nsubj aux advmod obj punct root Whales NOUN do AUX not PART have VERB gills NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Whales whale NOUN Number=Plur 4 have nsubj 2 do do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 have aux 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 have advmod 4 have have VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 4 have obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not have present · do-support Whales gills vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gill=Patient
Example 5 Look at the gills under the mushroom cap.
case det obl case det compound nmod punct root Look VERB at ADP the DET gills NOUN under ADP the DET mushroom NOUN cap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Look look VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 at at ADP _ 4 gills case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 gills det 4 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 1 Look obl 5 under under ADP _ 8 cap case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 cap det 7 mushroom mushroom NOUN Number=Sing 8 cap compound 8 cap cap NOUN Number=Sing 4 gills nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look imperative you not said here at the gills under the mushroom cap vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at gill=Theme
Example 6 Water flows over the gills to give oxygen.
nsubj case det obl mark advcl obj punct root Water NOUN flows VERB over ADP the DET gills NOUN to PART give VERB oxygen NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Water water NOUN Number=Sing 2 flows nsubj 2 flows flow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 over over ADP _ 5 gills case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 gills det 5 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 2 flows obl 6 to to PART _ 7 give mark 7 give give VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 flows advcl 8 oxygen oxygen NOUN Number=Sing 7 give obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 flows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 flow present Water the gills vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over gill=Location 2 give to-infinitive Water not said here oxygen vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme
Example 7 After the boat ride he looked green around the gills.
case det compound obl nsubj xcomp case det obl punct root After ADP the DET boat NOUN ride NOUN he PRON looked VERB green ADJ around ADP the DET gills NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 After after ADP _ 4 ride case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 ride det 3 boat boat NOUN Number=Sing 4 ride compound 4 ride ride NOUN Number=Sing 6 looked obl 5 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 looked nsubj 6 looked look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 7 green green ADJ Degree=Pos 6 looked xcomp 8 around around ADP _ 10 gills case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 gills det 10 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 6 looked obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 looked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look past he after the boat ride around the gills; green property vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent around gill=Theme
Example 8 A fish out of water cannot breathe with its gills.
det nsubj case case nmod aux advmod case nmod:poss obl punct root A DET fish NOUN out ADP of ADP water NOUN can AUX not PART breathe VERB with ADP its PRON gills NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 fish det 2 fish fish NOUN Number=Sing 8 breathe nsubj 3 out out ADP _ 5 water case 4 of of ADP _ 5 water case 5 water water NOUN Number=Sing 2 fish nmod 6 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 breathe aux 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 breathe advmod 8 breathe breathe VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 9 with with ADP _ 11 gills case 10 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 gills nmod:poss 11 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 8 breathe obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 8 breathe punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not breathe can a fish out water with fish's gills vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 9 In that supreme moment Hook did not blanch, even at the gills, but Smee and Starkey clung to each other in terror.
The tree, 22 words case nsubj amod compound obl aux advmod punct advmod case det obl punct cc nsubj cc conj conj case obl fixed case obl punct root In ADP that PRON supreme ADJ moment NOUN Hook NOUN did AUX not PART blanch VERB , PUNCT even ADV at ADP the DET gills NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ Smee PROPN and CCONJ Starkey PROPN clung VERB to ADP each DET other ADJ in ADP terror NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 5 Hook case 2 that that PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 Hook nsubj 3 supreme supreme ADJ Degree=Pos 5 Hook amod 4 moment moment NOUN Number=Sing 5 Hook compound 5 Hook hook NOUN Number=Sing 8 blanch obl 6 did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 blanch aux 7 not not PART Polarity=Neg 8 blanch advmod 8 blanch blanch VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 9 , , PUNCT _ 13 gills punct 10 even even ADV _ 13 gills advmod 11 at at ADP _ 13 gills case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 gills det 13 gills gill NOUN Number=Plur 8 blanch obl 14 , , PUNCT _ 19 clung punct 15 but but CCONJ _ 19 clung cc 16 Smee Smee PROPN Number=Sing 19 clung nsubj 17 and and CCONJ _ 18 Starkey cc 18 Starkey Starkey PROPN Number=Sing 16 Smee conj 19 clung cling VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 blanch conj 20 to to ADP _ 21 each case 21 each each DET ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp 19 clung obl 22 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 21 each fixed 23 in in ADP _ 24 terror case 24 terror terror NOUN Number=Sing 19 clung obl 25 . . PUNCT _ 8 blanch punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not blanch past · do-support supreme moment Hook at the gills vn change_bodily_state-40.8.4 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer at gill=Stimulus 2 cling past Smee and Starkey terror to each vn cling-22.5 «NP V PP.co-theme»: agent=Theme to each=Co-Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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