gnaw Who acts: worry, feeling, Beavers, rabbit, things, teeth · What happens: gnaw, mean, bite, chew, keep, bother · To what, where: something, you, dog, Mice, bag, trees · Speech: someone speaks here
«gnaw» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: gnaw in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To gnaw means to bite or chew something again and again, especially something hard, like a dog with a bone or a mouse with wood.
The tree, 25 words mark csubj mark xcomp cc conj obj advmod cc conj punct advmod conj amod punct case det conj case det nmod cc det conj case nmod punct root To PART gnaw VERB means VERB to PART bite VERB or CCONJ chew VERB something PRON again ADV and CCONJ again ADV , PUNCT especially ADV something PRON hard ADJ , PUNCT like ADP a DET dog NOUN with ADP a DET bone NOUN or CCONJ a DET mouse NOUN with ADP wood NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 gnaw mark 2 gnaw gnaw VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 bite mark 5 bite bite VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means xcomp 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 chew cc 7 chew chew VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 bite conj 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 chew obj 9 again again ADV _ 7 chew advmod 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 again cc 11 again again ADV _ 9 again conj 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 something punct 13 especially especially ADV _ 14 something advmod 14 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 chew conj 15 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 14 something amod 16 , , PUNCT _ 19 dog punct 17 like like ADP _ 19 dog case 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 dog det 19 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 14 something conj 20 with with ADP _ 22 bone case 21 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 22 bone det 22 bone bone NOUN Number=Sing 19 dog nmod 23 or or CCONJ _ 25 mouse cc 24 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 25 mouse det 25 mouse mouse NOUN Number=Sing 22 bone conj 26 with with ADP _ 27 wood case 27 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 25 mouse nmod 28 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gnaw to-infinitive vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 bite not said to happen to-infinitive vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent 4 chew infinitive something again vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 If a worry or a feeling gnaws at you, it keeps bothering you for a long time.
The tree, 17 words mark det nsubj cc det conj advcl case obl punct nsubj xcomp obj case det amod obl punct root If SCONJ a DET worry NOUN or CCONJ a DET feeling NOUN gnaws VERB at ADP you PRON , PUNCT it PRON keeps VERB bothering VERB you PRON for ADP a DET long ADJ time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 If if SCONJ _ 7 gnaws mark 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 worry det 3 worry worry NOUN Number=Sing 7 gnaws nsubj 4 or or CCONJ _ 6 feeling cc 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 feeling det 6 feeling feeling NOUN Number=Sing 3 worry conj 7 gnaws gnaw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 keeps advcl 8 at at ADP _ 9 you case 9 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 7 gnaws obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 7 gnaws punct 11 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 keeps nsubj 12 keeps keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 13 bothering bother VERB VerbForm=Ger 12 keeps xcomp 14 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 13 bothering obj 15 for for ADP _ 18 time case 16 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 18 time det 17 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 18 time amod 18 time time NOUN Number=Sing 13 bothering obl 19 . . PUNCT _ 12 keeps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gnaw a condition, not said to happen present a worry or a feeling at you vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent at you=Patient 2 keep present feeling tree rules 3 bother gerund feeling not said here you time vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus you=Experiencer
Example 1 The dog gnawed on a bone under the table.
det acl case det obl case det nmod punct root The DET dog NOUN gnawed VERB on ADP a DET bone NOUN under ADP the DET table NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 dog det 2 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 gnawed gnaw VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 dog acl 4 on on ADP _ 6 bone case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 bone det 6 bone bone NOUN Number=Sing 3 gnawed obl 7 under under ADP _ 9 table case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 table det 9 table table NOUN Number=Sing 6 bone nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 dog punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gnaw participle the dog not said here on a bone under the table vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent on bone=Patient
Example 2 Mice gnawed through the bag of rice.
acl case det obl case nmod punct root Mice NOUN gnawed VERB through ADP the DET bag NOUN of ADP rice NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mice mouse NOUN Number=Plur root root 2 gnawed gnaw VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 1 Mice acl 3 through through ADP _ 5 bag case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 bag det 5 bag bag NOUN Number=Sing 2 gnawed obl 6 of of ADP _ 7 rice case 7 rice rice NOUN Number=Sing 5 bag nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Mice punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gnaw participle Mice not said here the bag of rice vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 Beavers gnaw trees down to build dams.
nsubj obj advmod mark advcl obj punct root Beavers NOUN gnaw VERB trees NOUN down ADV to PART build VERB dams NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Beavers beaver NOUN Number=Plur 2 gnaw nsubj 2 gnaw gnaw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 2 gnaw obj 4 down down ADV _ 2 gnaw advmod 5 to to PART _ 6 build mark 6 build build VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 gnaw advcl 7 dams dam NOUN Number=Plur 6 build obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 gnaw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gnaw down present Beavers trees down property vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tree=Patient 2 build to-infinitive Beavers not said here dams vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset dam=Product
Example 4 A rabbit needs things to gnaw so its teeth don't grow too long.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj obj mark xcomp mark nmod:poss nsubj aux advmod advcl advmod advmod punct root A DET rabbit NOUN needs VERB things NOUN to PART gnaw VERB so SCONJ its PRON teeth NOUN do AUX n't PART grow VERB too ADV long ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 rabbit det 2 rabbit rabbit NOUN Number=Sing 3 needs nsubj 3 needs need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 things thing NOUN Number=Plur 3 needs obj 5 to to PART _ 6 gnaw mark 6 gnaw gnaw VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 needs xcomp 7 so so SCONJ _ 12 grow mark 8 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 teeth nmod:poss 9 teeth tooth NOUN Number=Plur 12 grow nsubj 10 do do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 grow aux 11 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 12 grow advmod 12 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 gnaw advcl 13 too too ADV _ 14 long advmod 14 long long ADV Degree=Pos 12 grow advmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 needs punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need present a rabbit things tree rules 2 gnaw not said to happen to-infinitive things not said here vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 not grow present · do-support rabbit's teeth long property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 5 Guilt gnawed at Sam after he broke the window.
nsubj case obl mark nsubj advcl det obj punct root Guilt NOUN gnawed VERB at ADP Sam PROPN after SCONJ he PRON broke VERB the DET window NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Guilt guilt NOUN Number=Sing 2 gnawed nsubj 2 gnawed gnaw VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 3 at at ADP _ 4 Sam case 4 Sam Sam PROPN Number=Sing 2 gnawed obl 5 after after SCONJ _ 7 broke mark 6 he he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 7 broke nsubj 7 broke break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 gnawed advcl 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 window det 9 window window NOUN Number=Sing 7 broke obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 gnawed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gnaw participle Guilt at Sam vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent at sam=Patient 2 break past Guilt the window vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer window=Patient
Example 6 He felt a gnawing hunger on the long walk.
nsubj det amod obj case det amod obl punct root He PRON felt VERB a DET gnawing VERB hunger NOUN on ADP the DET long ADJ walk NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 felt nsubj 2 felt feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 hunger det 4 gnawing gnaw VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 hunger amod 5 hunger hunger NOUN Number=Sing 2 felt obj 6 on on ADP _ 9 walk case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 walk det 8 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 9 walk amod 9 walk walk NOUN Number=Sing 2 felt obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 felt punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 feel past He a gnawing hunger the long walk vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent hunger=Theme on walk=Location 2 gnaw gerund vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 Don't gnaw your pencil!
aux advmod nmod:poss obj punct root Do AUX n't PART gnaw VERB your PRON pencil NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 gnaw aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 gnaw advmod 3 gnaw gnaw VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 pencil nmod:poss 5 pencil pencil NOUN Number=Sing 3 gnaw obj 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 3 gnaw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not gnaw imperative · do-support you not said here your pencil vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pencil=Patient
Example 8 The witch returned and began gnawing the oak again.
det nsubj cc conj xcomp det obj advmod punct root The DET witch NOUN returned VERB and CCONJ began VERB gnawing VERB the DET oak NOUN again ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 witch det 2 witch witch NOUN Number=Sing 3 returned nsubj 3 returned return VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 began cc 5 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 returned conj 6 gnawing gnaw VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 began xcomp 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 oak det 8 oak oak NOUN Number=Sing 6 gnawing obj 9 again again ADV _ 6 gnawing advmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 returned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 return past the witch vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 begin past the witch not said here vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 3 gnaw gerund the witch not said here the oak again vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent oak=Patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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