grate Who acts: food, metal frame, gaps, sound, you, Mum · What happens: rub, fall off, hold, cover, make, scrape · To what, where: food, tool, coal, fireplace, drain, harsh unpleasant scraping sound
«grate» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: grate in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To rub food such as cheese or carrot against a tool with sharp holes so it falls off in thin strips or tiny bits.
The tree, 24 words mark advcl obj case fixed obl cc conj case det obl case amod nmod advmod nsubj compound:prt case amod obl cc amod conj punct root To PART rub VERB food NOUN such ADJ as ADP cheese NOUN or CCONJ carrot NOUN against ADP a DET tool NOUN with ADP sharp ADJ holes NOUN so ADV it PRON falls VERB off ADP in ADP thin ADJ strips NOUN or CCONJ tiny ADJ bits NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 rub mark 2 rub rub VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 falls advcl 3 food food NOUN Number=Sing 2 rub obj 4 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 6 cheese case 5 as as ADP _ 4 such fixed 6 cheese cheese NOUN Number=Sing 2 rub obl 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 carrot cc 8 carrot carrot NOUN Number=Sing 6 cheese conj 9 against against ADP _ 11 tool case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 tool det 11 tool tool NOUN Number=Sing 2 rub obl 12 with with ADP _ 14 holes case 13 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 14 holes amod 14 holes hole NOUN Number=Plur 11 tool nmod 15 so so ADV _ 17 falls advmod 16 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 17 falls nsubj 17 falls fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 18 off off ADP _ 17 falls compound:prt 19 in in ADP _ 21 strips case 20 thin thin ADJ Degree=Pos 21 strips amod 21 strips strip NOUN Number=Plur 17 falls obl 22 or or CCONJ _ 24 bits cc 23 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 24 bits amod 24 bits bit NOUN Number=Plur 21 strips conj 25 . . PUNCT _ 17 falls punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 rub to-infinitive food not said here food a tool with sharp holes such cheese or carrot vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent food=Theme against tool=Destination 2 fall off present food in thin strips or tiny bits vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in strip=Attribute
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A metal frame that holds the coal or wood in a fireplace.
det compound nsubj acl:relcl det obj cc conj case det obl punct root A DET metal NOUN frame NOUN that PRON holds VERB the DET coal NOUN or CCONJ wood NOUN in ADP a DET fireplace NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 frame det 2 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 3 frame compound 3 frame frame NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 that that PRON PronType=Rel 5 holds nsubj 5 holds hold VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 frame acl:relcl 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 coal det 7 coal coal NOUN Number=Sing 5 holds obj 8 or or CCONJ _ 9 wood cc 9 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 7 coal conj 10 in in ADP _ 12 fireplace case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 fireplace det 12 fireplace fireplace NOUN Number=Sing 5 holds obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 frame punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hold present a metal frame the coal or wood a fireplace vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent coal=Theme in fireplace=Location
Meaning 3 A metal frame with gaps that covers a drain or hole in the ground.
The tree, 14 words det compound case nmod nsubj acl:relcl det obj cc conj case det nmod punct root A DET metal NOUN frame NOUN with ADP gaps NOUN that PRON covers VERB a DET drain NOUN or CCONJ hole NOUN in ADP the DET ground NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 frame det 2 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 3 frame compound 3 frame frame NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 with with ADP _ 5 gaps case 5 gaps gap NOUN Number=Plur 3 frame nmod 6 that that PRON PronType=Rel 7 covers nsubj 7 covers cover VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 gaps acl:relcl 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 drain det 9 drain drain NOUN Number=Sing 7 covers obj 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 hole cc 11 hole hole NOUN Number=Sing 9 drain conj 12 in in ADP _ 14 ground case 13 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 14 ground det 14 ground ground NOUN Number=Sing 11 hole nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 frame punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cover present gaps a drain or hole in the ground vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme drain=Destination
Meaning 4 To make a harsh, unpleasant scraping sound, or to annoy someone («it grates on me»).
The tree, 15 words mark det amod punct amod amod obj punct cc mark conj obj punct punct nsubj acl:relcl case obl punct punct punct root To PART make VERB a DET harsh ADJ , PUNCT unpleasant ADJ scraping VERB sound NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ to PART annoy VERB someone PRON ( PUNCT « PUNCT it PRON grates VERB on ADP me PRON » PUNCT ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 make mark 2 make make VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 sound det 4 harsh harsh ADJ Degree=Pos 8 sound amod 5 , , PUNCT _ 4 harsh punct 6 unpleasant unpleasant ADJ Degree=Pos 8 sound amod 7 scraping scrape VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 sound amod 8 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 2 make obj 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 annoy punct 10 or or CCONJ _ 12 annoy cc 11 to to PART _ 12 annoy mark 12 annoy annoy VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 2 make conj 13 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 12 annoy obj 14 ( ( PUNCT _ 17 grates punct 15 « « PUNCT _ 17 grates punct 16 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 17 grates nsubj 17 grates grate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 someone acl:relcl 18 on on ADP _ 19 me case 19 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 17 grates obl 20 » » PUNCT _ 17 grates punct 21 ) ) PUNCT _ 17 grates punct 22 . . PUNCT _ 2 make punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make to-infinitive a harsh unpleasant scraping sound vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product 2 scrape gerund vn cut-21.1-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient 3 annoy to-infinitive someone vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer 4 grate in a quote present sound on me vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V PP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus on i=Experiencer
Example 1 Can you grate some cheese for the pizza?
aux nsubj det obj case det obl punct root Can AUX you PRON grate VERB some DET cheese NOUN for ADP the DET pizza NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 grate aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 grate nsubj 3 grate grate VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 some some DET PronType=Ind 5 cheese det 5 cheese cheese NOUN Number=Sing 3 grate obj 6 for for ADP _ 8 pizza case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 pizza det 8 pizza pizza NOUN Number=Sing 3 grate obl 9 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 grate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grate can you some cheese for the pizza vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V NP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus cheese=Experiencer
Example 2 Mum grated a carrot into the salad.
nsubj det obj case det obl punct root Mum NOUN grated VERB a DET carrot NOUN into ADP the DET salad NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 2 grated nsubj 2 grated grate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 carrot det 4 carrot carrot NOUN Number=Sing 2 grated obj 5 into into ADP _ 7 salad case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 salad det 7 salad salad NOUN Number=Sing 2 grated obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 grated punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grate past Mum a carrot the salad vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V NP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus carrot=Experiencer
Example 3 Be careful not to grate your knuckles.
cop advmod mark xcomp nmod:poss obj punct root Be AUX careful ADJ not PART to PART grate VERB your PRON knuckles NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 2 careful cop 2 careful careful ADJ Degree=Pos root root 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 5 grate advmod 4 to to PART _ 5 grate mark 5 grate grate VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 careful xcomp 6 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 knuckles nmod:poss 7 knuckles knuckle NOUN Number=Plur 5 grate obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 careful punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is imperative you not said here careful property tree rules 2 not grate to-infinitive you not said here your knuckles vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V NP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus knuckle=Experiencer
Example 4 The fire was burning in the grate.
det nsubj aux case det obl punct root The DET fire NOUN was AUX burning VERB in ADP the DET grate NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 fire det 2 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 4 burning nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 burning aux 4 burning burn VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 in in ADP _ 7 grate case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 grate det 7 grate grate NOUN Number=Sing 4 burning obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 burning punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 burn past · progressive the fire the grate vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in grate=Location
Example 5 My key fell through the drain grate in the street.
nmod:poss nsubj mark det nsubj ccomp case det obl punct root My PRON key NOUN fell VERB through SCONJ the DET drain NOUN grate VERB in ADP the DET street NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 key nmod:poss 2 key key NOUN Number=Sing 3 fell nsubj 3 fell fall VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 through through SCONJ _ 7 grate mark 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 drain det 6 drain drain NOUN Number=Sing 7 grate nsubj 7 grate grate VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 fell ccomp 8 in in ADP _ 10 street case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 street det 10 street street NOUN Number=Sing 7 grate obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 fell punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 fall past My key vn long-32.2 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme 2 grate infinitive the drain the street vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus
Example 6 The old gate grated on its rusty hinges.
det amod acl case nmod:poss amod obl punct root The DET old ADJ gate NOUN grated VERB on ADP its PRON rusty ADJ hinges NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 gate det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 gate amod 3 gate gate NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 grated grate VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 gate acl 5 on on ADP _ 8 hinges case 6 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 hinges nmod:poss 7 rusty rusty ADJ Degree=Pos 8 hinges amod 8 hinges hinge NOUN Number=Plur 4 grated obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 gate punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grate participle the old gate not said here on gate's rusty hinges vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V PP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus on hinge=Experiencer
Example 7 His loud chewing really grates on me.
nmod:poss amod nsubj advmod case obl punct root His PRON loud ADJ chewing NOUN really ADV grates VERB on ADP me PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 His his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 chewing nmod:poss 2 loud loud ADJ Degree=Pos 3 chewing amod 3 chewing chewing NOUN Number=Sing 5 grates nsubj 4 really really ADV _ 5 grates advmod 5 grates grate VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 on on ADP _ 7 me case 7 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 5 grates obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 grates punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grate present His loud chewing on me vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V PP.experiencer»: agent=Stimulus on i=Experiencer 2 chew His = he nom chewing «act transitive»: poss=agent
Example 8 Add two cups of grated cheese to the bowl.
nummod obj case amod nmod case det obl punct root Add VERB two NUM cups NOUN of ADP grated VERB cheese NOUN to ADP the DET bowl NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Add add VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 3 cups nummod 3 cups cup NOUN Number=Plur 1 Add obj 4 of of ADP _ 6 cheese case 5 grated grate VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 cheese amod 6 cheese cheese NOUN Number=Sing 3 cups nmod 7 to to ADP _ 9 bowl case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 bowl det 9 bowl bowl NOUN Number=Sing 1 Add obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 1 Add punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 add speech: assert imperative you not said here two cups of grated cheese to the bowl vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent cup=Patient to bowl=Co-Patient 2 grate participle vn appeal-31.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Stimulus
Example 9 There is no fire in the grate, and hunger has made him faint.”
The tree, 13 words expl det nsubj case det nmod punct cc nsubj:pass aux parataxis obj xcomp punct punct root There PRON is VERB no DET fire NOUN in ADP the DET grate NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ hunger NOUN has AUX made VERB him PRON faint ADJ . PUNCT ” PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 is expl 2 is be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 no no DET PronType=Neg 4 fire det 4 fire fire NOUN Number=Sing 2 is nsubj 5 in in ADP _ 7 grate case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 grate det 7 grate grate NOUN Number=Sing 4 fire nmod 8 , , PUNCT _ 12 made punct 9 and and CCONJ _ 12 made cc 10 hunger hunger NOUN Number=Sing 12 made nsubj:pass 11 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 made aux 12 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 is parataxis 13 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 12 made obj 14 faint faint ADJ Degree=Pos 12 made xcomp 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 is punct 16 ” " PUNCT _ 2 is punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be present no fire in the grate there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 make present · perfect · passive hunger faint property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary he=Product
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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