kenning Who acts: kenning, short word phrase, Whale road, you, dog, Viking poets · What happens: be, name, use, write, guess · To what, where: short word phrase, something, clever poetic way, usual name, Kennings, Old English · Speech: someone speaks here
«kenning» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: kenning in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A kenning is a short, two-word phrase that names something in a clever, poetic way instead of using its usual name, such as «whale-road» for the sea or «sky-candle» for the sun.
The tree, 35 words det nsubj cop det amod punct nummod punct compound nsubj acl:relcl obj case det amod punct amod obl mark fixed advcl nmod:poss amod obj punct case fixed punct compound punct appos punct case det obl cc punct compound punct conj punct case det obl root A DET kenning NOUN is AUX a DET short ADJ , PUNCT two NUM - PUNCT word NOUN phrase NOUN that PRON names VERB something PRON in ADP a DET clever ADJ , PUNCT poetic ADJ way NOUN instead ADV of ADP using VERB its PRON usual ADJ name NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP « PUNCT whale NOUN - PUNCT road NOUN » PUNCT for ADP the DET sea NOUN or CCONJ « PUNCT sky NOUN - PUNCT candle NOUN » PUNCT for ADP the DET sun. NOUN The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 kenning det 2 kenning kenning NOUN Number=Sing 10 phrase nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 phrase cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 phrase det 5 short short ADJ Degree=Pos 10 phrase amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 short punct 7 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 word nummod 8 - - PUNCT _ 7 two punct 9 word word NOUN Number=Sing 10 phrase compound 10 phrase phrase NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 names nsubj 12 names name VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 phrase acl:relcl 13 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 12 names obj 14 in in ADP _ 19 way case 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 way det 16 clever clever ADJ Degree=Pos 19 way amod 17 , , PUNCT _ 16 clever punct 18 poetic poetic ADJ Degree=Pos 19 way amod 19 way way NOUN Number=Sing 12 names obl 20 instead instead ADV ExtPos=SCONJ 22 using mark 21 of of ADP _ 20 instead fixed 22 using use VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 names advcl 23 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 25 name nmod:poss 24 usual usual ADJ Degree=Pos 25 name amod 25 name name NOUN Number=Sing 22 using obj 26 , , PUNCT _ 32 road punct 27 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 32 road case 28 as as ADP _ 27 such fixed 29 « « PUNCT _ 32 road punct 30 whale whale NOUN Number=Sing 32 road compound 31 - - PUNCT _ 30 whale punct 32 road road NOUN Number=Sing 25 name appos 33 » » PUNCT _ 32 road punct 34 for for ADP _ 36 sea case 35 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 36 sea det 36 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 22 using obl 37 or or CCONJ _ 41 candle cc 38 « « PUNCT _ 41 candle punct 39 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing 41 candle compound 40 - - PUNCT _ 41 candle punct 41 candle candle NOUN Number=Sing 36 sea conj 42 » » PUNCT _ 41 candle punct 43 for for ADP _ 45 sun. case 44 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 45 sun. det 45 sun. sun. NOUN Number=Sing 22 using obl
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a kenning a short word phrase tree rules 2 name present a short word phrase something a clever poetic way vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme 3 use gerund a short word phrase not said here kenning's usual name for the sea or sky candle; for the sun. vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent name=Theme for sea=Eventuality 4 name kenning nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Kennings were used a lot in Old English and Old Norse poems, such as «Beowulf» and Viking sagas.
The tree, 18 words nsubj:pass aux:pass det obj case amod obl cc amod amod conj punct case fixed punct appos punct cc compound conj punct root Kennings NOUN were AUX used VERB a DET lot NOUN in ADP Old ADJ English PROPN and CCONJ Old ADJ Norse ADJ poems NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP « PUNCT Beowulf PROPN » PUNCT and CCONJ Viking NOUN sagas NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Kennings kenning NOUN Number=Plur 3 used nsubj:pass 2 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 used aux:pass 3 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 lot det 5 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 3 used obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 English case 7 Old old ADJ Degree=Pos 8 English amod 8 English English PROPN Number=Sing 3 used obl 9 and and CCONJ _ 12 poems cc 10 Old old ADJ Degree=Pos 12 poems amod 11 Norse norse ADJ Degree=Pos 12 poems amod 12 poems poem NOUN Number=Plur 8 English conj 13 , , PUNCT _ 17 Beowulf punct 14 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 17 Beowulf case 15 as as ADP _ 14 such fixed 16 « « PUNCT _ 17 Beowulf punct 17 Beowulf Beowulf PROPN Number=Sing 12 poems appos 18 » » PUNCT _ 17 Beowulf punct 19 and and CCONJ _ 21 sagas cc 20 Viking viking NOUN Number=Sing 21 sagas compound 21 sagas saga NOUN Number=Plur 12 poems conj 22 . . PUNCT _ 3 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past · passive Kennings Old English and Old Norse poems and Viking sagas tree rules
Example 1 «Whale-road» is a kenning for the sea.
punct compound punct nsubj punct cop det case det nmod punct root « PUNCT Whale NOUN - PUNCT road NOUN » PUNCT is AUX a DET kenning NOUN for ADP the DET sea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 road punct 2 Whale whale NOUN Number=Sing 4 road compound 3 - - PUNCT _ 2 Whale punct 4 road road NOUN Number=Sing 8 kenning nsubj 5 » » PUNCT _ 4 road punct 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 kenning cop 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 kenning det 8 kenning kenning NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 for for ADP _ 11 sea case 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 sea det 11 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 8 kenning nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 8 kenning punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Whale road a kenning for the sea tree rules
Example 2 Write a kenning poem about your pet.
det compound obj case nmod:poss nmod punct root Write VERB a DET kenning NOUN poem NOUN about ADP your PRON pet NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Write write VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 poem det 3 kenning kenning NOUN Number=Sing 4 poem compound 4 poem poem NOUN Number=Sing 1 Write obj 5 about about ADP _ 7 pet case 6 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 pet nmod:poss 7 pet pet NOUN Number=Sing 4 poem nmod 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Write punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write imperative you not said here a kenning poem about your pet vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent poem=Recipient about pet=Topic
Example 3 A dog could be a «ball-chaser» or «postman-scarer».
The tree, 10 words det nsubj aux cop det punct compound punct punct cc punct compound punct conj punct punct root A DET dog NOUN could AUX be AUX a DET « PUNCT ball NOUN - PUNCT chaser NOUN » PUNCT or CCONJ « PUNCT postman NOUN - PUNCT scarer NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 dog det 2 dog dog NOUN Number=Sing 9 chaser nsubj 3 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 chaser aux 4 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 9 chaser cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 chaser det 6 « « PUNCT _ 9 chaser punct 7 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 9 chaser compound 8 - - PUNCT _ 7 ball punct 9 chaser chaser NOUN Number=Sing root root 10 » » PUNCT _ 9 chaser punct 11 or or CCONJ _ 15 scarer cc 12 « « PUNCT _ 15 scarer punct 13 postman postman NOUN Number=Sing 15 scarer compound 14 - - PUNCT _ 15 scarer punct 15 scarer scarer NOUN Number=Sing 9 chaser conj 16 » » PUNCT _ 15 scarer punct 17 . . PUNCT _ 9 chaser punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote could a dog a ball chaser or postman scarer tree rules
Example 4 Viking poets used kennings like «bone-house» for the body.
compound nsubj obj case punct compound punct nmod punct case det obl punct root Viking NOUN poets NOUN used VERB kennings NOUN like ADP « PUNCT bone NOUN - PUNCT house NOUN » PUNCT for ADP the DET body NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Viking viking NOUN Number=Sing 2 poets compound 2 poets poet NOUN Number=Plur 3 used nsubj 3 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 kennings kenning NOUN Number=Plur 3 used obj 5 like like ADP _ 9 house case 6 « « PUNCT _ 9 house punct 7 bone bone NOUN Number=Sing 9 house compound 8 - - PUNCT _ 9 house punct 9 house house NOUN Number=Sing 4 kennings nmod 10 » » PUNCT _ 4 kennings punct 11 for for ADP _ 13 body case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 body det 13 body body NOUN Number=Sing 3 used obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past Viking poets kennings like bone house; for the body vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent kenning=Theme for body=Eventuality
Example 5 Our class guessed that «night-light» was a kenning for the moon.
The tree, 12 words nmod:poss nsubj mark punct compound punct nsubj punct cop det ccomp case det nmod punct root Our PRON class NOUN guessed VERB that SCONJ « PUNCT night NOUN - PUNCT light NOUN » PUNCT was AUX a DET kenning NOUN for ADP the DET moon NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 class nmod:poss 2 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 guessed nsubj 3 guessed guess VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 that that SCONJ _ 12 kenning mark 5 « « PUNCT _ 8 light punct 6 night night NOUN Number=Sing 8 light compound 7 - - PUNCT _ 8 light punct 8 light light NOUN Number=Sing 12 kenning nsubj 9 » » PUNCT _ 8 light punct 10 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 12 kenning cop 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 kenning det 12 kenning kenning NOUN Number=Sing 3 guessed ccomp 13 for for ADP _ 15 moon case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 moon det 15 moon moon NOUN Number=Sing 12 kenning nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 3 guessed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 guess past Our class vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 2 is a past night light a kenning for the moon tree rules
Example 6 Each line of a kenning poem is two words.
det nsubj case det compound nmod cop nummod punct root Each DET line NOUN of ADP a DET kenning NOUN poem NOUN is AUX two NUM words NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Each each DET PronType=Tot 2 line det 2 line line NOUN Number=Sing 9 words nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 6 poem case 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 poem det 5 kenning kenning NOUN Number=Sing 6 poem compound 6 poem poem NOUN Number=Sing 2 line nmod 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 words cop 8 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 words nummod 9 words word NOUN Number=Plur root root 10 . . PUNCT _ 9 words punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present each line of a kenning poem two words tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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