killing Who acts: Killing, You, feet, lion, Soap, police · What happens: cause, die, be, report, make, mean · To what, where: someone, murder, purpose, news, killing, lot · Speech: someone speaks here
«killing» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: killing in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Killing is causing someone or something to die.
nsubj aux obj cc conj mark acl punct root Killing NOUN is AUX causing VERB someone PRON or CCONJ something PRON to PART die VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Killing killing NOUN Number=Sing 3 causing nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 causing aux 3 causing cause VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 3 causing obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 something cc 6 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 4 someone conj 7 to to PART _ 8 die mark 8 die die VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 something acl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 causing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cause present · progressive Killing someone vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition someone=Patient 2 die to-infinitive Killing not said here vn calibratable_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A killing is a murder or a death caused on purpose, as reported in the news.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj cop det cc det conj acl case obl punct mark parataxis case det obl punct root A DET killing NOUN is AUX a DET murder NOUN or CCONJ a DET death NOUN caused VERB on ADP purpose NOUN , PUNCT as SCONJ reported VERB in ADP the DET news NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 killing det 2 killing killing NOUN Number=Sing 5 murder nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 murder cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 murder det 5 murder murder NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 or or CCONJ _ 8 death cc 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 death det 8 death death NOUN Number=Sing 5 murder conj 9 caused cause VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 murder acl 10 on on ADP _ 11 purpose case 11 purpose purpose NOUN Number=Sing 9 caused obl 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 reported punct 13 as as SCONJ _ 14 reported mark 14 reported report VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 murder parataxis 15 in in ADP _ 17 news case 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 news det 17 news news NOUN Number=Sing 14 reported obl 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 murder punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a killing a murder or a death tree rules 2 cause participle a murder or a death not said here purpose vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition 3 report participle the news vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
Meaning 3 Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.
To make a killing means to make a lot of money quickly.
mark csubj det obj mark xcomp det obj case nmod advmod punct root To PART make VERB a DET killing NOUN means VERB to PART make VERB a DET lot NOUN of ADP money NOUN quickly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 make mark 2 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 means csubj 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 killing det 4 killing killing NOUN Number=Sing 2 make obj 5 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 to to PART _ 7 make mark 7 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 means xcomp 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 lot det 9 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 7 make obj 10 of of ADP _ 11 money case 11 money money NOUN Number=Sing 9 lot nmod 12 quickly quickly ADV _ 7 make advmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 5 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make to-infinitive a killing vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset killing=Product 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 make not said to happen to-infinitive a lot of money quickly property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset lot=Product
Meaning 4 Usage: slang — kept apart, not parsed.
«You're killing me!» means «You're so funny» or «You're annoying me»; «My feet are killing me» means they hurt a lot.
The tree, 24 words punct nsubj aux ccomp obj punct punct punct nsubj cop advmod ccomp punct cc punct nsubj aux conj obj punct punct punct nmod:poss nsubj aux ccomp obj punct parataxis nsubj ccomp det obl punct root « PUNCT You PRON 're AUX killing VERB me PRON ! PUNCT » PUNCT means VERB « PUNCT You PRON 're AUX so ADV funny ADJ » PUNCT or CCONJ « PUNCT You PRON 're AUX annoying VERB me PRON » PUNCT ; PUNCT « PUNCT My PRON feet NOUN are AUX killing VERB me PRON » PUNCT means VERB they PRON hurt VERB a DET lot NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 killing punct 2 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 killing nsubj 3 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 killing aux 4 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 8 means ccomp 5 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 killing obj 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 4 killing punct 7 » » PUNCT _ 4 killing punct 8 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 « « PUNCT _ 13 funny punct 10 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 13 funny nsubj 11 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 13 funny cop 12 so so ADV _ 13 funny advmod 13 funny funny ADJ Degree=Pos 8 means ccomp 14 » » PUNCT _ 13 funny punct 15 or or CCONJ _ 19 annoying cc 16 « « PUNCT _ 19 annoying punct 17 You you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 19 annoying nsubj 18 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 19 annoying aux 19 annoying annoy VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 13 funny conj 20 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 19 annoying obj 21 » » PUNCT _ 19 annoying punct 22 ; ; PUNCT _ 27 killing punct 23 « « PUNCT _ 27 killing punct 24 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 25 feet nmod:poss 25 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 27 killing nsubj 26 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 27 killing aux 27 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 30 means ccomp 28 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 27 killing obj 29 » » PUNCT _ 27 killing punct 30 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 means parataxis 31 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 32 hurt nsubj 32 hurt hurt VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 30 means ccomp 33 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 34 lot det 34 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 32 hurt obl 35 . . PUNCT _ 8 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill in a quote present · progressive You me vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 is in a quote present You funny property tree rules 4 annoy in a quote present · progressive You me vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus i=Experiencer 5 kill in a quote present · progressive My feet me vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme 6 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 7 hurt past feet = foot a lot vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Example 1 The lion is killing a zebra for food.
det nsubj aux det obj case nmod punct root The DET lion NOUN is AUX killing VERB a DET zebra NOUN for ADP food NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 lion det 2 lion lion NOUN Number=Sing 4 killing nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 killing aux 4 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 zebra det 6 zebra zebra NOUN Number=Sing 4 killing obj 7 for for ADP _ 8 food case 8 food food NOUN Number=Sing 6 zebra nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 killing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill present · progressive the lion a zebra for food vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent zebra=Theme
Example 2 Soap helps by killing germs.
nsubj mark advcl obj punct root Soap NOUN helps VERB by SCONJ killing VERB germs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Soap soap NOUN Number=Sing 2 helps nsubj 2 helps help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 by by SCONJ _ 4 killing mark 4 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 helps advcl 5 germs germ NOUN Number=Plur 4 killing obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 helps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 help present Soap vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent 2 kill gerund Soap not said here germs vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme
Example 3 The police are investigating a killing.
det nsubj aux det obj punct root The DET police NOUN are AUX investigating VERB a DET killing NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 police det 2 police police NOUN Number=Plur 4 investigating nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 investigating aux 4 investigating investigate VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 killing det 6 killing killing NOUN Number=Sing 4 investigating obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 investigating punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 investigate present · progressive the police a killing vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent killing=Theme
Example 4 Killing animals for fun is cruel.
csubj obj case obl cop punct root Killing VERB animals NOUN for ADP fun NOUN is AUX cruel ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Killing kill VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 cruel csubj 2 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 1 Killing obj 3 for for ADP _ 4 fun case 4 fun fun NOUN Number=Sing 1 Killing obl 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 cruel cop 6 cruel cruel ADJ Degree=Pos root root 7 . . PUNCT _ 6 cruel punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill gerund animals for fun vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent animal=Theme 2 is present Killing cruel property tree rules
Example 5 They made a killing selling ice creams on the hot day.
nsubj det obj advcl compound obj case det amod obl punct root They PRON made VERB a DET killing NOUN selling VERB ice NOUN creams NOUN on ADP the DET hot ADJ day NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 They they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 killing det 4 killing killing NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obj 5 selling sell VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 made advcl 6 ice ice NOUN Number=Sing 7 creams compound 7 creams cream NOUN Number=Plur 5 selling obj 8 on on ADP _ 11 day case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 day det 10 hot hot ADJ Degree=Pos 11 day amod 11 day day NOUN Number=Sing 5 selling obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past They a killing vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset killing=Product 2 sell gerund They not said here ice creams day vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cream=Theme
Example 6 We were killing time before the film started.
nsubj aux obj mark det nsubj advcl punct root We PRON were AUX killing VERB time NOUN before SCONJ the DET film NOUN started VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 killing nsubj 2 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 killing aux 3 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 time time NOUN Number=Sing 3 killing obj 5 before before SCONJ _ 8 started mark 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 film det 7 film film NOUN Number=Sing 8 started nsubj 8 started start VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 killing advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 killing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill past · progressive We time vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 start past the film vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Example 7 (slang) Stop, you're killing me! That joke is so funny.
Sentence 1: (slang) Stop, you're killing me!
punct nsubj punct punct nsubj aux advcl obj punct root ( PUNCT slang NOUN ) PUNCT Stop VERB , PUNCT you PRON 're AUX killing VERB me PRON ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 4 Stop punct 2 slang slang NOUN Number=Sing 4 Stop nsubj 3 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 slang punct 4 Stop stop VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 8 killing punct 6 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 8 killing nsubj 7 're be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 killing aux 8 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 Stop advcl 9 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 8 killing obj 10 ! ! PUNCT _ 4 Stop punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 stop infinitive slang vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality 2 kill present · progressive you me vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme
Sentence 2: That joke is so funny.
det nsubj cop advmod punct root That DET joke NOUN is AUX so ADV funny ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 That that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 2 joke det 2 joke joke NOUN Number=Sing 5 funny nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 funny cop 4 so so ADV _ 5 funny advmod 5 funny funny ADJ Degree=Pos root root 6 . . PUNCT _ 5 funny punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present that joke funny property tree rules
Example 8 (informal) These new shoes are killing my feet.
punct amod punct det amod nsubj aux nmod:poss obj punct root ( PUNCT informal ADJ ) PUNCT These DET new ADJ shoes NOUN are AUX killing VERB my PRON feet NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 informal punct 2 informal informal ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shoes amod 3 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 informal punct 4 These this DET Number=Plur PronType=Dem 6 shoes det 5 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shoes amod 6 shoes shoe NOUN Number=Plur 8 killing nsubj 7 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 killing aux 8 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 9 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 10 feet nmod:poss 10 feet foot NOUN Number=Plur 8 killing obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 8 killing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 kill present · progressive this informal new shoes my feet vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent foot=Theme
Example 9 When you have succeeded in killing one come and tell me."
advmod nsubj aux mark advcl obj xcomp cc conj iobj punct punct root When ADV you PRON have AUX succeeded VERB in SCONJ killing VERB one NUM come VERB and CCONJ tell VERB me PRON . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 When when ADV PronType=Int 4 succeeded advmod 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 succeeded nsubj 3 have have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 succeeded aux 4 succeeded succeed VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 5 in in SCONJ _ 6 killing mark 6 killing kill VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 4 succeeded advcl 7 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 killing obj 8 come come VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 killing xcomp 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 tell cc 10 tell tell VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 come conj 11 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 10 tell iobj 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 succeeded punct 13 " " PUNCT _ 4 succeeded punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 succeed present · perfect you vn succeed-74-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 kill gerund you not said here one tree rules 3 come infinitive you not said here vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 tell speech: assert infinitive you not said here me vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent i=Recipient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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