lichen Who acts: lichen, living thing, Lots, air, alga, Reindeer · What happens: be, grow, make, live together, help, cover · To what, where: living thing, crusty patches, lichen, each, old wall, lichen survey · Speech: someone speaks here
«lichen» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: lichen in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A lichen is a living thing that grows in crusty, leafy or bushy patches on rocks, walls, tree bark and gravestones; it is made of a fungus and a tiny alga (or bacteria) living together and helping each other.
The tree, 39 words det nsubj cop det amod nsubj acl:relcl case amod punct conj cc conj obl case nmod punct conj punct compound conj cc conj punct nsubj:pass aux:pass parataxis case det obl cc det amod conj punct cc conj punct xcomp advmod cc conj obj fixed punct root A DET lichen NOUN is AUX a DET living ADJ thing NOUN that PRON grows VERB in ADP crusty ADJ , PUNCT leafy ADJ or CCONJ bushy ADJ patches NOUN on ADP rocks NOUN , PUNCT walls NOUN , PUNCT tree NOUN bark NOUN and CCONJ gravestones NOUN ; PUNCT it PRON is AUX made VERB of ADP a DET fungus NOUN and CCONJ a DET tiny ADJ alga NOUN ( PUNCT or CCONJ bacteria NOUN ) PUNCT living VERB together ADV and CCONJ helping VERB each DET other ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 lichen det 2 lichen lichen NOUN Number=Sing 6 thing nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 thing cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 thing det 5 living living ADJ Degree=Pos 6 thing amod 6 thing thing NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 that that PRON PronType=Rel 8 grows nsubj 8 grows grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 thing acl:relcl 9 in in ADP _ 15 patches case 10 crusty crusty ADJ Degree=Pos 15 patches amod 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 leafy punct 12 leafy leafy ADJ Degree=Pos 10 crusty conj 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 bushy cc 14 bushy bushy ADJ Degree=Pos 10 crusty conj 15 patches patch NOUN Number=Plur 8 grows obl 16 on on ADP _ 17 rocks case 17 rocks rock NOUN Number=Plur 15 patches nmod 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 walls punct 19 walls wall NOUN Number=Plur 17 rocks conj 20 , , PUNCT _ 22 bark punct 21 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 22 bark compound 22 bark bark NOUN Number=Sing 17 rocks conj 23 and and CCONJ _ 24 gravestones cc 24 gravestones gravestone NOUN Number=Plur 17 rocks conj 25 ; ; PUNCT _ 28 made punct 26 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 28 made nsubj:pass 27 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 28 made aux:pass 28 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 thing parataxis 29 of of ADP _ 31 fungus case 30 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 31 fungus det 31 fungus fungus NOUN Number=Sing 28 made obl 32 and and CCONJ _ 35 alga cc 33 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 35 alga det 34 tiny tiny ADJ Degree=Pos 35 alga amod 35 alga alga NOUN Number=Sing 31 fungus conj 36 ( ( PUNCT _ 38 bacteria punct 37 or or CCONJ _ 38 bacteria cc 38 bacteria bacterium NOUN Number=Plur 35 alga conj 39 ) ) PUNCT _ 28 made punct 40 living live VERB VerbForm=Ger 28 made xcomp 41 together together ADV _ 40 living advmod 42 and and CCONJ _ 43 helping cc 43 helping help VERB VerbForm=Ger 40 living conj 44 each each DET ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp 43 helping obj 45 other other ADJ Degree=Pos 44 each fixed 46 . . PUNCT _ 6 thing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a lichen a living thing tree rules 2 grow present a living thing crusty patches on rocks and walls and tree bark and gravestones vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in patch=Location 3 make present · passive lichen of a fungus and a tiny alga or bacteria tree rules 4 live together gerund lichen not said here together property vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 5 help gerund lichen not said here each vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent each=Beneficiary
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Example 1 The old wall was covered in orange lichen.
det amod nsubj:pass aux:pass case amod obl punct root The DET old ADJ wall NOUN was AUX covered VERB in ADP orange ADJ lichen NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 wall det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 wall amod 3 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 5 covered nsubj:pass 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 covered aux:pass 5 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 in in ADP _ 8 lichen case 7 orange orange ADJ Degree=Pos 8 lichen amod 8 lichen lichen NOUN Number=Sing 5 covered obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 covered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 cover past · passive the old wall in orange lichen vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in lichen=Theme
Example 2 Lots of lichen on trees shows the air is clean.
nsubj case nmod case nmod det nsubj cop ccomp punct root Lots NOUN of ADP lichen NOUN on ADP trees NOUN shows VERB the DET air NOUN is AUX clean ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lots lot NOUN Number=Plur 6 shows nsubj 2 of of ADP _ 3 lichen case 3 lichen lichen NOUN Number=Sing 1 Lots nmod 4 on on ADP _ 5 trees case 5 trees tree NOUN Number=Plur 3 lichen nmod 6 shows show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 air det 8 air air NOUN Number=Sing 10 clean nsubj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 clean cop 10 clean clean ADJ Degree=Pos 6 shows ccomp 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 shows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show present Lots of lichen on trees vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is present the air clean property tree rules
Example 3 Lichen is made of a fungus and an alga living together.
nsubj:pass aux:pass case det obl cc det conj acl advmod punct root Lichen PROPN is AUX made VERB of ADP a DET fungus NOUN and CCONJ an DET alga NOUN living VERB together ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lichen Lichen PROPN Number=Sing 3 made nsubj:pass 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 made aux:pass 3 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 4 of of ADP _ 6 fungus case 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 fungus det 6 fungus fungus NOUN Number=Sing 3 made obl 7 and and CCONJ _ 9 alga cc 8 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 alga det 9 alga alga NOUN Number=Sing 6 fungus conj 10 living live VERB VerbForm=Ger 9 alga acl 11 together together ADV _ 10 living advmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 3 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make present · passive Lichen of a fungus and a alga vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product 2 live together gerund a alga not said here together property vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 4 Reindeer eat lichen in winter.
nsubj obj case obl punct root Reindeer NOUN eat VERB lichen NOUN in ADP winter NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Reindeer reindeer NOUN Number=Plur 2 eat nsubj 2 eat eat VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 lichen lichen NOUN Number=Sing 2 eat obj 4 in in ADP _ 5 winter case 5 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 2 eat obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 eat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 eat present Reindeer lichen winter vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lichen=Patient
Example 5 We did a lichen survey around the school grounds.
nsubj det compound obj case det compound obl punct root We PRON did VERB a DET lichen NOUN survey NOUN around ADP the DET school NOUN grounds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 did nsubj 2 did do VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 survey det 4 lichen lichen NOUN Number=Sing 5 survey compound 5 survey survey NOUN Number=Sing 2 did obj 6 around around ADP _ 9 grounds case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 grounds det 8 school school NOUN Number=Sing 9 grounds compound 9 grounds grounds NOUN Number=Ptan 2 did obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 did punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 do past We a lichen survey the school grounds vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent survey=Eventuality
Example 6 Lichens grow very slowly, only a few millimetres a year.
nsubj advmod advmod punct advmod det amod obl det nmod:unmarked punct root Lichens NOUN grow VERB very ADV slowly ADV , PUNCT only ADV a DET few ADJ millimetres NOUN a DET year NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lichens lichen NOUN Number=Plur 2 grow nsubj 2 grow grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 very very ADV _ 4 slowly advmod 4 slowly slowly ADV _ 2 grow advmod 5 , , PUNCT _ 9 millimetres punct 6 only only ADV _ 9 millimetres advmod 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 millimetres det 8 few few ADJ Degree=Pos 9 millimetres amod 9 millimetres millimetre NOUN Number=Plur 2 grow obl 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 year det 11 year year NOUN Number=Sing 9 millimetres nmod:unmarked 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 grow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grow present Lichens a few millimetres a year slowly property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 7 Grey lichen spread across the gravestone.
amod acl case det obl punct root Grey ADJ lichen NOUN spread VERB across ADP the DET gravestone NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Grey grey ADJ Degree=Pos 2 lichen amod 2 lichen lichen NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 spread spread VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 lichen acl 4 across across ADP _ 6 gravestone case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 gravestone det 6 gravestone gravestone NOUN Number=Sing 3 spread obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 lichen punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spread participle Grey lichen not said here the gravestone vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme across gravestone=Destination
Example 8 Lichens can grow on bare rock where nothing else can.
nsubj aux case amod obl advmod nsubj advmod acl:relcl punct root Lichens NOUN can AUX grow VERB on ADP bare ADJ rock NOUN where ADV nothing PRON else ADV can AUX . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Lichens lichen NOUN Number=Plur 3 grow nsubj 2 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 grow aux 3 grow grow VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 on on ADP _ 6 rock case 5 bare bare ADJ Degree=Pos 6 rock amod 6 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 3 grow obl 7 where where ADV PronType=Rel 10 can advmod 8 nothing nothing PRON Number=Sing PronType=Neg 10 can nsubj 9 else else ADV _ 8 nothing advmod 10 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 6 rock acl:relcl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 grow punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grow can Lichens bare rock vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on rock=Location
Example 9 The roof, as far as one existed at all, was covered with moss and lichen.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj:pass punct advmod advmod mark nsubj acl:relcl case obl punct aux:pass case obl cc conj punct root The DET roof NOUN , PUNCT as ADV far ADV as SCONJ one NUM existed VERB at ADP all DET , PUNCT was AUX covered VERB with ADP moss NOUN and CCONJ lichen NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 roof det 2 roof roof NOUN Number=Sing 13 covered nsubj:pass 3 , , PUNCT _ 8 existed punct 4 as as ADV _ 5 far advmod 5 far far ADV Degree=Pos 8 existed advmod 6 as as SCONJ _ 8 existed mark 7 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 8 existed nsubj 8 existed exist VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 2 roof acl:relcl 9 at at ADP _ 10 all case 10 all all DET PronType=Tot 8 existed obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 2 roof punct 12 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 13 covered aux:pass 13 covered cover VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 14 with with ADP _ 15 moss case 15 moss moss NOUN Number=Sing 13 covered obl 16 and and CCONJ _ 17 lichen cc 17 lichen lichen NOUN Number=Sing 15 moss conj 18 . . PUNCT _ 13 covered punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 exist participle one the roof not said here all far property tree rules 2 cover past · passive the roof with moss and lichen vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination with moss=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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