murmuring Who acts: Saying, Murmurings, murmuring stream, We, voices, Bees · What happens: say, be, hear, make, murmur, send · To what, where: something, low soft continuous sound, quiet complaints, unhappiness, me, voices · Speech: someone speaks here
«murmuring» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: murmuring in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Saying something quietly and softly, so it is hard to hear.
csubj obj advmod cc conj punct advmod expl cop mark xcomp punct root Saying VERB something PRON quietly ADV and CCONJ softly ADV , PUNCT so ADV it PRON is AUX hard ADJ to PART hear VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Saying say VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 10 hard csubj 2 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 1 Saying obj 3 quietly quietly ADV _ 1 Saying advmod 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 softly cc 5 softly softly ADV _ 3 quietly conj 6 , , PUNCT _ 10 hard punct 7 so so ADV _ 10 hard advmod 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 10 hard expl 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 hard cop 10 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos root root 11 to to PART _ 12 hear mark 12 hear hear VERB VerbForm=Inf 10 hard xcomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 10 hard punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert gerund something quietly property vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent something=Topic 2 is present Saying hard property tree rules 3 hear to-infinitive Saying not said here vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Making a low, soft, continuous sound, like a stream, bees or the wind in leaves.
The tree, 15 words det amod punct amod punct amod obj punct case det conj punct conj cc det conj case nmod punct root Making VERB a DET low ADJ , PUNCT soft ADJ , PUNCT continuous ADJ sound NOUN , PUNCT like ADP a DET stream NOUN , PUNCT bees NOUN or CCONJ the DET wind NOUN in ADP leaves NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Making make VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 sound det 3 low low ADJ Degree=Pos 8 sound amod 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 low punct 5 soft soft ADJ Degree=Pos 8 sound amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 soft punct 7 continuous continuous ADJ Degree=Pos 8 sound amod 8 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 1 Making obj 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 stream punct 10 like like ADP _ 12 stream case 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 stream det 12 stream stream NOUN Number=Sing 8 sound conj 13 , , PUNCT _ 14 bees punct 14 bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 12 stream conj 15 or or CCONJ _ 17 wind cc 16 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 17 wind det 17 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 12 stream conj 18 in in ADP _ 19 leaves case 19 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 17 wind nmod 20 . . PUNCT _ 1 Making punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make gerund a low soft continuous sound and a stream and bees or the wind in leaves vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product
Meaning 3 Usage: noun — kept apart, not parsed.
Murmurings are quiet complaints or rumours: «murmurings of unhappiness».
nsubj cop amod cc conj punct punct appos case nmod punct punct root Murmurings NOUN are AUX quiet ADJ complaints NOUN or CCONJ rumours NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT murmurings NOUN of ADP unhappiness NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Murmurings murmuring NOUN Number=Plur 4 complaints nsubj 2 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 complaints cop 3 quiet quiet ADJ Degree=Pos 4 complaints amod 4 complaints complaint NOUN Number=Plur root root 5 or or CCONJ _ 6 rumours cc 6 rumours rumour NOUN Number=Plur 4 complaints conj 7 : : PUNCT _ 9 murmurings punct 8 « « PUNCT _ 9 murmurings punct 9 murmurings murmuring NOUN Number=Plur 4 complaints appos 10 of of ADP _ 11 unhappiness case 11 unhappiness unhappiness NOUN Number=Sing 9 murmurings nmod 12 » » PUNCT _ 9 murmurings punct 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 complaints punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Murmurings quiet complaints or rumours tree rules 2 murmur in a quote unhappiness nom murmuring «event transitive»: of=patient
Example 1 The murmuring stream sent me to sleep.
det compound nsubj obj mark advcl punct root The DET murmuring NOUN stream NOUN sent VERB me PRON to PART sleep VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 stream det 2 murmuring murmuring NOUN Number=Sing 3 stream compound 3 stream stream NOUN Number=Sing 4 sent nsubj 4 sent send VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 sent obj 6 to to PART _ 7 sleep mark 7 sleep sleep VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 sent advcl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 sent punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 send past the murmuring stream me vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme 2 sleep to-infinitive the murmuring stream not said here vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 2 We could hear voices murmuring behind the door.
nsubj aux obj acl case det obl punct root We PRON could AUX hear VERB voices NOUN murmuring VERB behind ADP the DET door NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 hear nsubj 2 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 hear aux 3 hear hear VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 voices voice NOUN Number=Plur 3 hear obj 5 murmuring murmur VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 voices acl 6 behind behind ADP _ 8 door case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 door det 8 door door NOUN Number=Sing 5 murmuring obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 hear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 hear could We voices vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer voice=Stimulus 2 murmur speech: other gerund voices not said here the door vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind door=Location
Example 3 Bees were murmuring in the lavender.
nsubj aux case det obl punct root Bees NOUN were AUX murmuring VERB in ADP the DET lavender NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Bees bee NOUN Number=Plur 3 murmuring nsubj 2 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 murmuring aux 3 murmuring murmur VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 lavender case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 lavender det 6 lavender lavender NOUN Number=Sing 3 murmuring obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 murmuring punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 murmur speech: other past · progressive Bees the lavender vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in lavender=Location
Example 4 There were murmurings in class when the trip was cancelled.
expl nsubj case obl mark det nsubj:pass aux:pass advcl punct root There PRON were VERB murmurings NOUN in ADP class NOUN when SCONJ the DET trip NOUN was AUX cancelled VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 were expl 2 were be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 murmurings murmuring NOUN Number=Plur 2 were nsubj 4 in in ADP _ 5 class case 5 class class NOUN Number=Sing 2 were obl 6 when when SCONJ _ 10 cancelled mark 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 trip det 8 trip trip NOUN Number=Sing 10 cancelled nsubj:pass 9 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 cancelled aux:pass 10 cancelled cancel VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 were advcl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 were punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past murmurings class; there vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in class=Location 2 cancel past · passive the trip tree rules
Example 5 The river went on murmuring through the night.
det nsubj mark advcl case det obl punct root The DET river NOUN went VERB on SCONJ murmuring VERB through ADP the DET night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 river det 2 river river NOUN Number=Sing 3 went nsubj 3 went go VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 on on SCONJ _ 5 murmuring mark 5 murmuring murmur VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 went advcl 6 through through ADP _ 8 night case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 night det 8 night night NOUN Number=Sing 5 murmuring obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 went punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 go past the river vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 murmur speech: other gerund the river not said here night vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 Mum sat murmuring a lullaby to the baby.
nsubj advcl det obj case det obl punct root Mum NOUN sat VERB murmuring VERB a DET lullaby NOUN to ADP the DET baby NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 2 sat nsubj 2 sat sit VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 murmuring murmur VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 sat advcl 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 lullaby det 5 lullaby lullaby NOUN Number=Sing 3 murmuring obj 6 to to ADP _ 8 baby case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 baby det 8 baby baby NOUN Number=Sing 3 murmuring obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 sat punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sit past Mum vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 murmur speech: other gerund Mum not said here a lullaby the baby vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent lullaby=Topic to baby=Recipient
Example 7 The crowd was murmuring before the show began.
det nsubj aux mark det nsubj advcl punct root The DET crowd NOUN was AUX murmuring VERB before SCONJ the DET show NOUN began VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 crowd det 2 crowd crowd NOUN Number=Sing 4 murmuring nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 murmuring aux 4 murmuring murmur VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 before before SCONJ _ 8 began mark 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 show det 7 show show NOUN Number=Sing 8 began nsubj 8 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 murmuring advcl 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 murmuring punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 murmur speech: other past · progressive the crowd vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 begin past the show vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Example 8 The faint sound of murmuring people was in the air.
det amod nsubj mark acl obj cop case det punct root The DET faint ADJ sound NOUN of SCONJ murmuring VERB people NOUN was AUX in ADP the DET air NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 sound det 2 faint faint ADJ Degree=Pos 3 sound amod 3 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 10 air nsubj 4 of of SCONJ _ 5 murmuring mark 5 murmuring murmur VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 sound acl 6 people people NOUN Number=Plur 5 murmuring obj 7 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 10 air cop 8 in in ADP _ 10 air case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 air det 10 air air NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 . . PUNCT _ 10 air punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 murmur speech: other gerund the faint sound not said here people vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Topic 2 is past the faint sound the air tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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