pinyin Who acts: Pinyin, we, It, card, Beijing, cousin · What happens: be, use, show, intonate, write, learn · To what, where: official way, Latin letters, tones, Mandarin, Nǐ, pinyin
«pinyin» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: pinyin in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Pinyin is the official way of writing Chinese (Mandarin) words with the Latin letters we use for English.
The tree, 18 words nsubj cop det amod case nmod amod punct compound punct appos case det amod nmod nsubj acl:relcl case obl punct root Pinyin NOUN is AUX the DET official ADJ way NOUN of ADP writing NOUN Chinese ADJ ( PUNCT Mandarin PROPN ) PUNCT words NOUN with ADP the DET Latin ADJ letters NOUN we PRON use VERB for ADP English PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Sing 5 way nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 way cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 way det 4 official official ADJ Degree=Pos 5 way amod 5 way way NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 writing case 7 writing writing NOUN Number=Sing 5 way nmod 8 Chinese Chinese ADJ Degree=Pos 12 words amod 9 ( ( PUNCT _ 10 Mandarin punct 10 Mandarin Mandarin PROPN Number=Sing 12 words compound 11 ) ) PUNCT _ 10 Mandarin punct 12 words word NOUN Number=Plur 5 way appos 13 with with ADP _ 16 letters case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 16 letters det 15 Latin Latin ADJ Degree=Pos 16 letters amod 16 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 12 words nmod 17 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 18 use nsubj 18 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 16 letters acl:relcl 19 for for ADP _ 20 English case 20 English English PROPN Number=Sing 18 use obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 5 way punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Pinyin the official way of writing tree rules 2 use present we the Latin letters not said here for English vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent letter=Theme for english=Eventuality
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 It also shows the tones of Mandarin with little marks over the vowels, such as mā, má, mǎ, mà.
The tree, 19 words nsubj advmod det obj case nmod case amod nmod case det nmod punct case fixed conj punct conj punct conj punct conj punct root It PRON also ADV shows VERB the DET tones NOUN of ADP Mandarin PROPN with ADP little ADJ marks NOUN over ADP the DET vowels NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP mā NOUN , PUNCT má NOUN , PUNCT mǎ NOUN , PUNCT mà NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 It it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 shows nsubj 2 also also ADV _ 3 shows advmod 3 shows show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 tones det 5 tones tone NOUN Number=Plur 3 shows obj 6 of of ADP _ 7 Mandarin case 7 Mandarin Mandarin PROPN Number=Sing 5 tones nmod 8 with with ADP _ 10 marks case 9 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 10 marks amod 10 marks mark NOUN Number=Plur 5 tones nmod 11 over over ADP _ 13 vowels case 12 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 vowels det 13 vowels vowel NOUN Number=Plur 10 marks nmod 14 , , PUNCT _ 17 mā punct 15 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 17 mā case 16 as as ADP _ 15 such fixed 17 mā mā NOUN Number=Sing 10 marks conj 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 má punct 19 má má NOUN Number=Sing 17 mā conj 20 , , PUNCT _ 21 mǎ punct 21 mǎ mǎ NOUN Number=Sing 17 mā conj 22 , , PUNCT _ 23 mà punct 23 mà mà NOUN Number=Sing 10 marks conj 24 . . PUNCT _ 3 shows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show present It the tones of Mandarin with little marks over the vowels and mā and má and mǎ and mà vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent tone=Recipient 2 intonate Mandarin with little marks over the vowels and mā and má and mǎ and mà nom tone «communication transitive»: of=patient with=obl
Example 1 "Nǐ hǎo" is "hello" written in pinyin.
punct nsubj:pass dep punct cop punct discourse punct case obl punct root " PUNCT Nǐ PROPN hǎo X " PUNCT is AUX " PUNCT hello INTJ " PUNCT written VERB in ADP pinyin NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 2 Nǐ punct 2 Nǐ Nǐ PROPN Number=Sing 9 written nsubj:pass 3 hǎo hǎo X Foreign=Yes 2 Nǐ dep 4 " " PUNCT _ 3 hǎo punct 5 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 hello cop 6 " " PUNCT _ 7 hello punct 7 hello hello INTJ _ 9 written discourse 8 " " PUNCT _ 7 hello punct 9 written write VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 10 in in ADP _ 11 pinyin case 11 pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Sing 9 written obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 written punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 write participle · passive Nǐ pinyin vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in pinyin=Destination
Example 2 We learnt the pinyin for numbers one to ten.
nsubj det obj case nmod flat case nmod punct root We PRON learnt VERB the DET pinyin NOUN for ADP numbers NOUN one NUM to ADP ten NUM . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 learnt nsubj 2 learnt learn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 pinyin det 4 pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Sing 2 learnt obj 5 for for ADP _ 6 numbers case 6 numbers number NOUN Number=Plur 4 pinyin nmod 7 one one NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 numbers flat 8 to to ADP _ 9 ten case 9 ten ten NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 7 one nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 learnt punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn past We the pinyin for numbers vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pinyin=Topic
Example 3 The card had the Chinese character and the pinyin underneath.
det nsubj det amod obj cc det conj advmod punct root The DET card NOUN had VERB the DET Chinese ADJ character NOUN and CCONJ the DET pinyin NOUN underneath ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 card det 2 card card NOUN Number=Sing 3 had nsubj 3 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 character det 5 Chinese Chinese ADJ Degree=Pos 6 character amod 6 character character NOUN Number=Sing 3 had obj 7 and and CCONJ _ 9 pinyin cc 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 pinyin det 9 pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Sing 6 character conj 10 underneath underneath ADV _ 9 pinyin advmod 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the card the Chinese character and the pinyin vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent character=Patient
Example 4 In pinyin, "Beijing" replaced the old spelling "Peking".
case obl punct punct nsubj punct det amod obj punct appos punct punct root In ADP pinyin NOUN , PUNCT " PUNCT Beijing PROPN " PUNCT replaced VERB the DET old ADJ spelling NOUN " PUNCT Peking PROPN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 2 pinyin case 2 pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Sing 7 replaced obl 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 pinyin punct 4 " " PUNCT _ 5 Beijing punct 5 Beijing Beijing PROPN Number=Sing 7 replaced nsubj 6 " " PUNCT _ 5 Beijing punct 7 replaced replace VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 spelling det 9 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 10 spelling amod 10 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing 7 replaced obj 11 " " PUNCT _ 12 Peking punct 12 Peking Peking PROPN Number=Sing 10 spelling appos 13 " " PUNCT _ 12 Peking punct 14 . . PUNCT _ 7 replaced punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 replace past Beijing the old spelling pinyin vn substitute-13.6.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme spelling=Co-Theme
Example 5 My cousin types Chinese messages using pinyin.
nmod:poss nsubj amod obj acl obj punct root My PRON cousin NOUN types VERB Chinese ADJ messages NOUN using VERB pinyin NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 cousin nmod:poss 2 cousin cousin NOUN Number=Sing 3 types nsubj 3 types type VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 Chinese Chinese ADJ Degree=Pos 5 messages amod 5 messages message NOUN Number=Plur 3 types obj 6 using use VERB VerbForm=Ger 5 messages acl 7 pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Sing 6 using obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 types punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 type present My cousin Chinese messages vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Theme 2 use gerund Chinese messages not said here pinyin vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pinyin=Patient
Example 6 The little marks in pinyin show the four tones.
det amod nsubj case nmod det nummod obj punct root The DET little ADJ marks NOUN in ADP pinyin NOUN show VERB the DET four NUM tones NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 marks det 2 little little ADJ Degree=Pos 3 marks amod 3 marks mark NOUN Number=Plur 6 show nsubj 4 in in ADP _ 5 pinyin case 5 pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Plur 3 marks nmod 6 show show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 tones det 8 four four NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 tones nummod 9 tones tone NOUN Number=Plur 6 show obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 show punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show present the little marks in pinyin the four tones vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent tone=Recipient
Example 7 Pinyin letters do not always sound like English letters: "x" sounds a bit like "sh".
The tree, 15 words compound nsubj aux advmod advmod case amod obl punct punct nsubj punct parataxis det obl case punct nmod punct punct root Pinyin NOUN letters NOUN do AUX not PART always ADV sound VERB like ADP English ADJ letters NOUN : PUNCT " PUNCT x NOUN " PUNCT sounds VERB a DET bit NOUN like ADP " PUNCT sh NOUN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Pinyin pinyin NOUN Number=Sing 2 letters compound 2 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 6 sound nsubj 3 do do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 sound aux 4 not not PART Polarity=Neg 6 sound advmod 5 always always ADV PronType=Tot 6 sound advmod 6 sound sound VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 like like ADP _ 9 letters case 8 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 9 letters amod 9 letters letter NOUN Number=Plur 6 sound obl 10 : : PUNCT _ 14 sounds punct 11 " " PUNCT _ 12 x punct 12 x x NOUN Number=Sing 14 sounds nsubj 13 " " PUNCT _ 12 x punct 14 sounds sound VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 sound parataxis 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 16 bit det 16 bit bit NOUN Number=Sing 14 sounds obl 17 like like ADP _ 19 sh case 18 " " PUNCT _ 19 sh punct 19 sh sh NOUN Number=Sing 16 bit nmod 20 " " PUNCT _ 16 bit punct 21 . . PUNCT _ 6 sound punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not sound present · do-support Pinyin letters like English letters; always property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus 2 sound present x a bit like sh vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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