plough Who acts: big farm tool, car, farmer, horses, snowplough, I · What happens: pull, turn over, break up, get, plant, move · To what, where: big farm tool, soil, fence, field, wheat, plough
«plough» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: plough in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A big farm tool, pulled by a tractor or animals, that turns over and breaks up the soil to get it ready for planting.
The tree, 24 words det amod compound nsubj punct acl case det obl cc conj punct nsubj compound:prt cc conj compound:prt det obj mark advcl obj xcomp mark advcl punct root A DET big ADJ farm NOUN tool NOUN , PUNCT pulled VERB by ADP a DET tractor NOUN or CCONJ animals NOUN , PUNCT that PRON turns VERB over ADP and CCONJ breaks VERB up ADP the DET soil NOUN to PART get VERB it PRON ready ADJ for SCONJ planting VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 tool det 2 big big ADJ Degree=Pos 4 tool amod 3 farm farm NOUN Number=Sing 4 tool compound 4 tool tool NOUN Number=Sing 14 turns nsubj 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 pulled punct 6 pulled pull VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 tool acl 7 by by ADP _ 9 tractor case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 tractor det 9 tractor tractor NOUN Number=Sing 6 pulled obl 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 animals cc 11 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 9 tractor conj 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 turns punct 13 that that PRON PronType=Rel 14 turns nsubj 14 turns turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 15 over over ADP _ 14 turns compound:prt 16 and and CCONJ _ 17 breaks cc 17 breaks break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 14 turns conj 18 up up ADP _ 17 breaks compound:prt 19 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 20 soil det 20 soil soil NOUN Number=Sing 17 breaks obj 21 to to PART _ 22 get mark 22 get get VERB VerbForm=Inf 17 breaks advcl 23 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 22 get obj 24 ready ready ADJ Degree=Pos 22 get xcomp 25 for for SCONJ _ 26 planting mark 26 planting plant VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 24 ready advcl 27 . . PUNCT _ 14 turns punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pull participle a big farm tool not said here by a tractor or animals vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 turn over present a big farm tool vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent 3 break up present a big farm tool not said here the soil vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent soil=Patient 4 get to-infinitive a big farm tool not said here soil ready property vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus 5 plant gerund a big farm tool not said here vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.
To turn over soil with a plough.
mark compound:prt obj case det obl punct root To PART turn VERB over ADP soil NOUN with ADP a DET plough NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 turn mark 2 turn turn VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 over over ADP _ 2 turn compound:prt 4 soil soil NOUN Number=Sing 2 turn obj 5 with with ADP _ 7 plough case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 plough det 7 plough plough NOUN Number=Sing 2 turn obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 turn punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 turn over to-infinitive soil with a plough vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent soil=Theme
Meaning 3 Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.
To move or go forward with force: «the car ploughed into the fence».
The tree, 13 words mark cc conj advmod case obl punct punct det nsubj advcl case det obl punct punct root To PART move VERB or CCONJ go VERB forward ADV with ADP force NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT the DET car NOUN ploughed VERB into ADP the DET fence NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 move mark 2 move move VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 or or CCONJ _ 4 go cc 4 go go VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 2 move conj 5 forward forward ADV _ 4 go advmod 6 with with ADP _ 7 force case 7 force force NOUN Number=Sing 4 go obl 8 : : PUNCT _ 12 ploughed punct 9 « « PUNCT _ 12 ploughed punct 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 car det 11 car car NOUN Number=Sing 12 ploughed nsubj 12 ploughed plough VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 go advcl 13 into into ADP _ 15 fence case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 15 fence det 15 fence fence NOUN Number=Sing 12 ploughed obl 16 » » PUNCT _ 12 ploughed punct 17 . . PUNCT _ 2 move punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 move to-infinitive vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 2 go infinitive with force; forward property vn help-72.1-2 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent with force=Beneficiary 3 plough in a quote past the car the fence vn wipe_instr-10.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 4 Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.
To keep going with something hard or boring: «plough through homework».
The tree, 11 words mark xcomp case obl amod cc conj punct punct appos case nmod punct punct root To PART keep VERB going VERB with ADP something PRON hard ADJ or CCONJ boring ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT plough NOUN through ADP homework NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 keep mark 2 keep keep VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 going go VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 keep xcomp 4 with with ADP _ 5 something case 5 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 3 going obl 6 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 5 something amod 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 boring cc 8 boring boring ADJ Degree=Pos 6 hard conj 9 : : PUNCT _ 11 plough punct 10 « « PUNCT _ 11 plough punct 11 plough plough NOUN Number=Sing 5 something appos 12 through through ADP _ 13 homework case 13 homework homework NOUN Number=Sing 11 plough nmod 14 » » PUNCT _ 11 plough punct 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 keep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep to-infinitive tree rules 2 go gerund with something vn help-72.1-2 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent with something=Beneficiary
Meaning 5 The Plough: a group of seven bright stars (UK name for the Big Dipper).
The tree, 14 words det punct det appos case nummod amod nmod punct compound appos case det amod nmod punct punct root The DET Plough PROPN : PUNCT a DET group NOUN of ADP seven NUM bright ADJ stars NOUN ( PUNCT UK PROPN name NOUN for ADP the DET Big ADJ Dipper PROPN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 Plough det 2 Plough Plough PROPN Number=Sing root root 3 : : PUNCT _ 5 group punct 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 group det 5 group group NOUN Number=Sing 2 Plough appos 6 of of ADP _ 9 stars case 7 seven seven NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 9 stars nummod 8 bright bright ADJ Degree=Pos 9 stars amod 9 stars star NOUN Number=Plur 5 group nmod 10 ( ( PUNCT _ 12 name punct 11 UK UK PROPN Number=Sing 12 name compound 12 name name NOUN Number=Sing 5 group appos 13 for for ADP _ 16 Dipper case 14 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 16 Dipper det 15 Big Big ADJ Degree=Pos 16 Dipper amod 16 Dipper Dipper PROPN Number=Sing 12 name nmod 17 ) ) PUNCT _ 12 name punct 18 . . PUNCT _ 2 Plough punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 1 The farmer ploughed the field before planting wheat.
det nsubj det obj mark advcl obj punct root The DET farmer NOUN ploughed VERB the DET field NOUN before SCONJ planting VERB wheat NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 farmer det 2 farmer farmer NOUN Number=Sing 3 ploughed nsubj 3 ploughed plough VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 field det 5 field field NOUN Number=Sing 3 ploughed obj 6 before before SCONJ _ 7 planting mark 7 planting plant VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 ploughed advcl 8 wheat wheat NOUN Number=Sing 7 planting obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 ploughed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 plough past the farmer the field vn wipe_instr-10.4.2 «NP V NP.initial_location»: agent=Agent field=Initial_Location 2 plant gerund the farmer not said here wheat vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wheat=Patient
Example 2 Long ago, horses pulled the plough.
advmod advmod punct nsubj det obj punct root Long ADV ago ADV , PUNCT horses NOUN pulled VERB the DET plough NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Long long ADV Degree=Pos 2 ago advmod 2 ago ago ADV _ 5 pulled advmod 3 , , PUNCT _ 2 ago punct 4 horses horse NOUN Number=Plur 5 pulled nsubj 5 pulled pull VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 plough det 7 plough plough NOUN Number=Sing 5 pulled obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 5 pulled punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pull past horses the plough ago property vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plough=Theme
Example 3 A snowplough cleared the road.
det nsubj det obj punct root A DET snowplough NOUN cleared VERB the DET road NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 snowplough det 2 snowplough snowplough NOUN Number=Sing 3 cleared nsubj 3 cleared clear VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 road det 5 road road NOUN Number=Sing 3 cleared obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 cleared punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 clear past a snowplough the road vn clear-10.3-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent road=Source
Example 4 I ploughed through my maths homework.
nsubj case nmod:poss compound obl punct root I PRON ploughed VERB through ADP my PRON maths NOUN homework NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 ploughed nsubj 2 ploughed plough VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 through through ADP _ 6 homework case 4 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 homework nmod:poss 5 maths math NOUN Number=Plur 6 homework compound 6 homework homework NOUN Number=Sing 2 ploughed obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 ploughed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 plough past I my maths homework vn wipe_instr-10.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent
Example 5 The car skidded and ploughed into a hedge.
det acl cc conj case det obl punct root The DET car NOUN skidded VERB and CCONJ ploughed VERB into ADP a DET hedge NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 car det 2 car car NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 skidded skid VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 2 car acl 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 ploughed cc 5 ploughed plough VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 skidded conj 6 into into ADP _ 8 hedge case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 hedge det 8 hedge hedge NOUN Number=Sing 5 ploughed obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 car punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 skid participle the car not said here vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 plough participle a hedge vn wipe_instr-10.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent
Example 6 We found the Plough in the night sky.
nsubj det obj case det compound obl punct root We PRON found VERB the DET Plough PROPN in ADP the DET night NOUN sky NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 found nsubj 2 found find VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 Plough det 4 Plough Plough PROPN Number=Sing 2 found obj 5 in in ADP _ 8 sky case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 sky det 7 night night NOUN Number=Sing 8 sky compound 8 sky sky NOUN Number=Sing 2 found obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 found punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 find past We the Plough the night sky vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plough=Topic
Example 7 Three brothers are ploughing over there.
nummod nsubj aux advmod advmod punct root Three NUM brothers NOUN are AUX ploughing VERB over ADV there ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 2 brothers nummod 2 brothers brother NOUN Number=Plur 4 ploughing nsubj 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 ploughing aux 4 ploughing plough VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 over over ADV _ 6 there advmod 6 there there ADV PronType=Dem 4 ploughing advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 ploughing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 plough over present · progressive Three brothers there vn wipe_instr-10.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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