reading Who acts: Reading, piece, you, reading book, first reading, meter reading · What happens: look, write, understand, be, read, show · To what, where: words, piece, people, number, measuring instrument, way · Speech: someone speaks here
«reading» in the school dictionary: its 6 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: reading in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Reading is looking at written words and understanding them.
nsubj aux case amod obl cc conj obj punct root Reading NOUN is AUX looking VERB at ADP written VERB words NOUN and CCONJ understanding VERB them PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 3 looking nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 looking aux 3 looking look VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 at at ADP _ 6 words case 5 written write VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 words amod 6 words word NOUN Number=Plur 3 looking obl 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 understanding cc 8 understanding understand VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 3 looking conj 9 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 understanding obj 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 looking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look present · progressive Reading at written words vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at word=Theme 2 write participle vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 understand gerund Reading not said here words = word vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer they=Stimulus
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A reading is a piece of writing read aloud to people, as in church or at a wedding.
The tree, 18 words det nsubj cop det nsubj case nmod advmod case obl punct case case parataxis cc case det conj punct root A DET reading NOUN is AUX a DET piece NOUN of ADP writing NOUN read VERB aloud ADV to ADP people NOUN , PUNCT as ADP in ADP church NOUN or CCONJ at ADP a DET wedding NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 reading det 2 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 5 piece nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 piece cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 piece det 5 piece piece NOUN Number=Sing 8 read nsubj 6 of of ADP _ 7 writing case 7 writing writing NOUN Number=Sing 5 piece nmod 8 read read VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 9 aloud aloud ADV _ 8 read advmod 10 to to ADP _ 11 people case 11 people people NOUN Number=Plur 8 read obl 12 , , PUNCT _ 15 church punct 13 as as ADP _ 15 church case 14 in in ADP _ 15 church case 15 church church NOUN Number=Sing 8 read parataxis 16 or or CCONJ _ 19 wedding cc 17 at at ADP _ 19 wedding case 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 wedding det 19 wedding wedding NOUN Number=Sing 15 church conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 8 read punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a reading a piece of writing tree rules 2 read present a piece people aloud property vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient how S»: agent=Agent to people=Recipient
Meaning 3 A reading is the number shown on a measuring instrument, like a thermometer or meter.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj cop det acl case det compound obl punct case det conj cc conj punct root A DET reading NOUN is AUX the DET number NOUN shown VERB on ADP a DET measuring NOUN instrument NOUN , PUNCT like ADP a DET thermometer NOUN or CCONJ meter NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 reading det 2 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 5 number nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 number cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 number det 5 number number NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 shown show VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 number acl 7 on on ADP _ 10 instrument case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 instrument det 9 measuring measuring NOUN Number=Sing 10 instrument compound 10 instrument instrument NOUN Number=Sing 6 shown obl 11 , , PUNCT _ 14 thermometer punct 12 like like ADP _ 14 thermometer case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 thermometer det 14 thermometer thermometer NOUN Number=Sing 10 instrument conj 15 or or CCONJ _ 16 meter cc 16 meter meter NOUN Number=Sing 14 thermometer conj 17 . . PUNCT _ 5 number punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a reading the number tree rules 2 show participle the number not said here a measuring instrument and a thermometer or meter vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 4 A reading is the way you understand something, an interpretation.
det nsubj cop det nsubj acl:relcl obj punct det appos punct root A DET reading NOUN is AUX the DET way NOUN you PRON understand VERB something PRON , PUNCT an DET interpretation NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 reading det 2 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 5 way nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 way cop 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 way det 5 way way NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 7 understand nsubj 7 understand understand VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 way acl:relcl 8 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 7 understand obj 9 , , PUNCT _ 11 interpretation punct 10 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 interpretation det 11 interpretation interpretation NOUN Number=Sing 8 something appos 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 way punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a reading the way tree rules 2 understand present you something vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus
Meaning 5 Usage: UK — kept apart, not parsed.
Reading is also the name of a town in England, said «RED-ing».
The tree, 13 words nsubj cop advmod det case det nmod case nmod punct parataxis punct amod punct ccomp punct punct root Reading NOUN is AUX also ADV the DET name NOUN of ADP a DET town NOUN in ADP England PROPN , PUNCT said VERB « PUNCT RED ADJ - PUNCT ing NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 5 name nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 name cop 3 also also ADV _ 5 name advmod 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 name det 5 name name NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 8 town case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 town det 8 town town NOUN Number=Sing 5 name nmod 9 in in ADP _ 10 England case 10 England England PROPN Number=Sing 8 town nmod 11 , , PUNCT _ 12 said punct 12 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 name parataxis 13 « « PUNCT _ 16 ing punct 14 RED red ADJ Degree=Pos 16 ing amod 15 - - PUNCT _ 14 RED punct 16 ing ing NOUN Number=Sing 12 said ccomp 17 » » PUNCT _ 16 ing punct 18 . . PUNCT _ 5 name punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Reading the name of a town in England tree rules 2 say speech: assert past vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 6 Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.
A reading is a stage when a new law is discussed in parliament.
det nsubj cop det mark det amod nsubj:pass aux:pass acl case obl punct root A DET reading NOUN is AUX a DET stage NOUN when SCONJ a DET new ADJ law NOUN is AUX discussed VERB in ADP parliament NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 reading det 2 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 5 stage nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 stage cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 stage det 5 stage stage NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 when when SCONJ _ 11 discussed mark 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 law det 8 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 9 law amod 9 law law NOUN Number=Sing 11 discussed nsubj:pass 10 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 discussed aux:pass 11 discussed discuss VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 5 stage acl 12 in in ADP _ 13 parliament case 13 parliament parliament NOUN Number=Sing 11 discussed obl 14 . . PUNCT _ 5 stage punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a reading a stage tree rules 2 discuss speech: other present · passive a new law parliament vn chit_chat-37.6-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
Example 1 Reading every evening helps you learn new words.
csubj det obj obj xcomp amod obj punct root Reading VERB every DET evening NOUN helps VERB you PRON learn VERB new ADJ words NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Reading read VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 helps csubj 2 every every DET PronType=Tot 3 evening det 3 evening evening NOUN Number=Sing 1 Reading obj 4 helps help VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 you you PRON Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs 4 helps obj 6 learn learn VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 helps xcomp 7 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 8 words amod 8 words word NOUN Number=Plur 6 learn obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 helps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 read gerund evening vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 help present Reading you vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary clause=Theme 3 learn infinitive you not said here new words vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Topic
Example 2 My reading book is about a talking fox.
nmod:poss compound nsubj cop case det compound punct root My PRON reading NOUN book NOUN is AUX about ADP a DET talking NOUN fox NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 book nmod:poss 2 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 3 book compound 3 book book NOUN Number=Sing 8 fox nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 fox cop 5 about about ADP _ 8 fox case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 fox det 7 talking talking NOUN Number=Sing 8 fox compound 8 fox fox NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 fox punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present My reading book about a talking fox tree rules
Example 3 The first reading in church was from the Book of Isaiah.
det amod nsubj case nmod cop case det case nmod punct root The DET first ADJ reading NOUN in ADP church NOUN was AUX from ADP the DET Book PROPN of ADP Isaiah PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 reading det 2 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 3 reading amod 3 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 9 Book nsubj 4 in in ADP _ 5 church case 5 church church NOUN Number=Sing 3 reading nmod 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 Book cop 7 from from ADP _ 9 Book case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 Book det 9 Book Book PROPN Number=Sing root root 10 of of ADP _ 11 Isaiah case 11 Isaiah Isaiah PROPN Number=Sing 9 Book nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 Book punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the first reading in church the Book of Isaiah tree rules
Example 4 Take a reading from the thermometer every hour.
det obj case det obl det obl:unmarked punct root Take VERB a DET reading NOUN from ADP the DET thermometer NOUN every DET hour NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Take take VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 reading det 3 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 1 Take obj 4 from from ADP _ 6 thermometer case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 thermometer det 6 thermometer thermometer NOUN Number=Sing 1 Take obl 7 every every DET PronType=Tot 8 hour det 8 hour hour NOUN Number=Sing 1 Take obl:unmarked 9 . . PUNCT _ 1 Take punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 take imperative you not said here a reading the thermometer hour vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial_location»: agent=Agent reading=Theme from thermometer=Initial_Location
Example 5 The meter reading shows how much electricity we used.
det compound nsubj advmod amod obj nsubj acl:relcl punct root The DET meter NOUN reading NOUN shows VERB how ADV much ADJ electricity NOUN we PRON used VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 reading det 2 meter meter NOUN Number=Sing 3 reading compound 3 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 4 shows nsubj 4 shows show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 how how ADV PronType=Int 6 much advmod 6 much much ADJ Degree=Pos 7 electricity amod 7 electricity electricity NOUN Number=Sing 4 shows obj 8 we we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 9 used nsubj 9 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 electricity acl:relcl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 shows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show present the meter reading much electricity vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent electricity=Recipient 2 use past we much electricity not said here vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent electricity=Patient
Example 6 My reading of the poem is that it is about loneliness.
nmod:poss nsubj case det nmod cop mark nsubj cop case punct root My PRON reading NOUN of ADP the DET poem NOUN is AUX that SCONJ it PRON is AUX about ADP loneliness NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 reading nmod:poss 2 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 11 loneliness nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 poem case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 poem det 5 poem poem NOUN Number=Sing 2 reading nmod 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 loneliness cop 7 that that SCONJ _ 11 loneliness mark 8 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 loneliness nsubj 9 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 loneliness cop 10 about about ADP _ 11 loneliness case 11 loneliness loneliness NOUN Number=Sing root root 12 . . PUNCT _ 11 loneliness punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present My reading of the poem about loneliness tree rules 2 read My the poem nom reading «cognition transitive»: poss=agent of=patient
Example 7 We drove through Reading on the way to London.
nsubj mark advcl case det obl case nmod punct root We PRON drove VERB through SCONJ Reading VERB on ADP the DET way NOUN to ADP London PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 drove nsubj 2 drove drive VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 through through SCONJ _ 4 Reading mark 4 Reading read VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 drove advcl 5 on on ADP _ 7 way case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 way det 7 way way NOUN Number=Sing 4 Reading obl 8 to to ADP _ 9 London case 9 London London PROPN Number=Sing 7 way nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 drove punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 drive past We vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent 2 read gerund We not said here the way to London vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 8 "Brothers!" said Vanya, "I've done my share of reading.
The tree, 10 words punct nsubj punct punct nsubj punct punct nsubj aux ccomp nmod:poss obj case nmod punct root " PUNCT Brothers NOUN ! PUNCT " PUNCT said VERB Vanya PROPN , PUNCT " PUNCT I PRON 've AUX done VERB my PRON share NOUN of ADP reading NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 2 Brothers punct 2 Brothers brother NOUN Number=Plur 5 said nsubj 3 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 Brothers punct 4 " " PUNCT _ 2 Brothers punct 5 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 6 Vanya Vanya PROPN Number=Sing 5 said nsubj 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 done punct 8 " " PUNCT _ 11 done punct 9 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 11 done nsubj 10 've have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 done aux 11 done do VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 5 said ccomp 12 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 13 share nmod:poss 13 share share NOUN Number=Sing 11 done obj 14 of of ADP _ 15 reading case 15 reading reading NOUN Number=Sing 13 share nmod 16 . . PUNCT _ 5 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert past Brothers vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 do in a quote present · perfect Brothers = brother my share of reading vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent share=Eventuality 3 share in a quote my reading nom share «possession transitive»: poss=agent of=patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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