saw Who acts: Saw, I, She, He, many animals, Dad · What happens: be, see, cut, call, use, saw · To what, where: past form, bird, tool, wood, old saying, 12 birds · Speech: someone speaks here
«saw» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 10 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: saw in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Saw is the past form of see: «I saw a bird.».
The tree, 11 words nsubj cop det amod case nmod punct punct nsubj acl:relcl det obj punct punct punct root Saw NOUN is AUX the DET past ADJ form NOUN of ADP see NOUN : PUNCT « PUNCT I PRON saw VERB a DET bird NOUN . PUNCT » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Saw saw NOUN Number=Sing 5 form nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 form cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 form det 4 past past ADJ Degree=Pos 5 form amod 5 form form NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 7 see case 7 see see NOUN Number=Sing 5 form nmod 8 : : PUNCT _ 11 saw punct 9 « « PUNCT _ 11 saw punct 10 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 11 saw nsubj 11 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 form acl:relcl 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 bird det 13 bird bird NOUN Number=Sing 11 saw obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 11 saw punct 15 » » PUNCT _ 11 saw punct 16 . . PUNCT _ 5 form punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Saw the past form of see tree rules 2 see in a quote past I a bird vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bird=Stimulus
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A saw is a tool with a sharp toothed blade for cutting wood or metal.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj cop det case det amod amod nmod mark advcl obj cc conj punct root A DET saw NOUN is AUX a DET tool NOUN with ADP a DET sharp ADJ toothed ADJ blade NOUN for SCONJ cutting VERB wood NOUN or CCONJ metal NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 saw det 2 saw saw NOUN Number=Sing 5 tool nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 tool cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 tool det 5 tool tool NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 with with ADP _ 10 blade case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 blade det 8 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 10 blade amod 9 toothed toothed ADJ Degree=Pos 10 blade amod 10 blade blade NOUN Number=Sing 5 tool nmod 11 for for SCONJ _ 12 cutting mark 12 cutting cut VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 10 blade advcl 13 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing 12 cutting obj 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 metal cc 15 metal metal NOUN Number=Sing 13 wood conj 16 . . PUNCT _ 5 tool punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a saw a tool with a sharp toothed blade tree rules 2 cut gerund a saw not said here wood or metal vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset wood=Product
Meaning 3 To saw is to cut with a saw.
mark advcl cop mark case det obl punct root To PART saw NOUN is AUX to PART cut VERB with ADP a DET saw NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 saw mark 2 saw saw NOUN Number=Sing 5 cut advcl 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 cut cop 4 to to PART _ 5 cut mark 5 cut cut VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 6 with with ADP _ 8 saw case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 saw det 8 saw saw NOUN Number=Sing 5 cut obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 cut punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present with a saw; cut property tree rules
Meaning 4 An old saying is sometimes called a saw.
det amod nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod det xcomp punct root An DET old ADJ saying NOUN is AUX sometimes ADV called VERB a DET saw NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 An a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 saying det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 saying amod 3 saying saying NOUN Number=Sing 6 called nsubj:pass 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 called aux:pass 5 sometimes sometimes ADV PronType=Ind 6 called advmod 6 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 saw det 8 saw saw NOUN Number=Sing 6 called xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 called punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 call present · passive a old saying sometimes property vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient
Example 1 She saw 12 birds in the park.
nsubj nummod obj case det obl punct root She PRON saw VERB 12 NUM birds NOUN in ADP the DET park NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 saw nsubj 2 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 12 12 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 birds nummod 4 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 2 saw obj 5 in in ADP _ 7 park case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 park det 7 park park NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 saw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see past She 12 birds the park vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bird=Stimulus
Example 2 He saw 5 cars and 3 buses.
nsubj nummod obj cc nummod conj punct root He PRON saw VERB 5 NUM cars NOUN and CCONJ 3 NUM buses NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 saw nsubj 2 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 5 5 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 4 cars nummod 4 cars car NOUN Number=Plur 2 saw obj 5 and and CCONJ _ 7 buses cc 6 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 7 buses nummod 7 buses bus NOUN Number=Plur 4 cars conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 saw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see past He 5 cars and 3 buses vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer car=Stimulus
Example 3 He used a saw to cut the board into 4 pieces.
nsubj det obj mark advcl det obj case nummod obl punct root He PRON used VERB a DET saw NOUN to PART cut VERB the DET board NOUN into ADP 4 NUM pieces NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 used nsubj 2 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 saw det 4 saw saw NOUN Number=Sing 2 used obj 5 to to PART _ 6 cut mark 6 cut cut VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 used advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 board det 8 board board NOUN Number=Sing 6 cut obj 9 into into ADP _ 11 pieces case 10 4 4 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 11 pieces nummod 11 pieces piece NOUN Number=Plur 6 cut obl 12 . . PUNCT _ 2 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use past He a saw vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent saw=Patient 2 cut to-infinitive He not said here the board 4 pieces vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent board=Material into piece=Product
Example 4 How many animals did they see in all?
advmod amod nsubj aux nsubj case obl punct root How ADV many ADJ animals NOUN did AUX they PRON see VERB in ADP all DET ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 many advmod 2 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 3 animals amod 3 animals animal NOUN Number=Plur 6 see nsubj 4 did do AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 see aux 5 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 6 see nsubj 6 see see VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 7 in in ADP _ 8 all case 8 all all DET PronType=Tot 6 see obl 9 ? ? PUNCT _ 6 see punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see past · do-support many animals all vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer
Example 5 I saw a rainbow after the rain.
nsubj det obj case det obl punct root I PRON saw VERB a DET rainbow NOUN after ADP the DET rain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 saw nsubj 2 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 rainbow det 4 rainbow rainbow NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obj 5 after after ADP _ 7 rain case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 rain det 7 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 saw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see past I a rainbow after the rain vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer rainbow=Stimulus
Example 6 Dad sawed the branch off the tree.
nsubj det obj case det obl punct root Dad NOUN sawed VERB the DET branch NOUN off ADP the DET tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 sawed nsubj 2 sawed saw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 branch det 4 branch branch NOUN Number=Sing 2 sawed obj 5 off off ADP _ 7 tree case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 tree det 7 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 2 sawed obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 sawed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 saw past Dad the branch off the tree vn split-23.2 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent branch=Patient off tree=Co-Patient
Example 7 Wear goggles when you use a saw.
obj mark nsubj advcl det obj punct root Wear VERB goggles NOUN when SCONJ you PRON use VERB a DET saw NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Wear wear VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 goggles goggle NOUN Number=Plur 1 Wear obj 3 when when SCONJ _ 5 use mark 4 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 5 use nsubj 5 use use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 1 Wear advcl 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 saw det 7 saw saw NOUN Number=Sing 5 use obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 1 Wear punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wear imperative you not said here goggles vn wipe_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent goggle=Source 2 use present you a saw vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent saw=Patient
Example 8 We saw a film at the cinema last night.
nsubj det obj case det obl amod obl:unmarked punct root We PRON saw VERB a DET film NOUN at ADP the DET cinema NOUN last ADJ night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 saw nsubj 2 saw see VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 film det 4 film film NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obj 5 at at ADP _ 7 cinema case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 cinema det 7 cinema cinema NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obl 8 last last ADJ Degree=Pos 9 night amod 9 night night NOUN Number=Sing 2 saw obl:unmarked 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 saw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 see past We a film the cinema night vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer film=Stimulus
Example 9 The children played on the seesaw.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET children NOUN played VERB on ADP the DET seesaw NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 children det 2 children child NOUN Number=Plur 3 played nsubj 3 played play VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 on on ADP _ 6 seesaw case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 seesaw det 6 seesaw seesaw NOUN Number=Sing 3 played obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 played punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 play past the children the seesaw vn performance-26.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 10 Then there was a great deal of hewing and sawing, and at last the three-decker was built.
The tree, 18 words advmod expl det amod nsubj case nmod cc conj punct cc case nsubj:pass det nummod punct nsubj aux:pass advcl punct root Then ADV there PRON was VERB a DET great ADJ deal NOUN of ADP hewing NOUN and CCONJ sawing NOUN , PUNCT and CCONJ at ADP last ADJ the DET three NUM - PUNCT decker NOUN was AUX built VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Then then ADV PronType=Dem 3 was advmod 2 there there PRON PronType=Dem 3 was expl 3 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 deal det 5 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 6 deal amod 6 deal deal NOUN Number=Sing 3 was nsubj 7 of of ADP _ 8 hewing case 8 hewing hewing NOUN Number=Sing 6 deal nmod 9 and and CCONJ _ 10 sawing cc 10 sawing sawing NOUN Number=Sing 8 hewing conj 11 , , PUNCT _ 20 built punct 12 and and CCONJ _ 20 built cc 13 at at ADP _ 14 last case 14 last last ADJ Degree=Pos 20 built nsubj:pass 15 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 18 decker det 16 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 18 decker nummod 17 - - PUNCT _ 16 three punct 18 decker decker NOUN Number=Sing 14 last nsubj 19 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 20 built aux:pass 20 built build VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 was advcl 21 . . PUNCT _ 3 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past a great deal of hewing and sawing there then vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 build past · passive last vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product 3 deal hewing and sawing nom deal «act transitive»: of=patient
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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