serf Who acts: serf, Middle Ages, Serfs, lord, 12 serfs, son · What happens: be, have, live, work, not leave, not be · To what, where: farm worker, Middle Ages, serf, slaves, Serfs, 30 serfs
«serf» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: serf in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A serf was a farm worker long ago, in the Middle Ages, who had to live and work on a lord's land and could not leave it.
The tree, 28 words det nsubj cop det compound advmod advmod punct case det flat nmod punct nsubj acl:relcl mark xcomp cc conj case det nmod:poss case obl cc aux advmod conj obj punct root A DET serf NOUN was AUX a DET farm NOUN worker NOUN long ADV ago ADV , PUNCT in ADP the DET Middle PROPN Ages PROPN , PUNCT who PRON had VERB to PART live VERB and CCONJ work VERB on ADP a DET lord NOUN 's PART land NOUN and CCONJ could AUX not PART leave VERB it PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 serf det 2 serf serf NOUN Number=Sing 6 worker nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 worker cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 worker det 5 farm farm NOUN Number=Sing 6 worker compound 6 worker worker NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 long long ADV Degree=Pos 8 ago advmod 8 ago ago ADV _ 6 worker advmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 13 Ages punct 10 in in ADP _ 13 Ages case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 Ages det 12 Middle Middle PROPN Number=Sing 13 Ages flat 13 Ages Age PROPN Number=Plur 6 worker nmod 14 , , PUNCT _ 16 had punct 15 who who PRON PronType=Rel 16 had nsubj 16 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 13 Ages acl:relcl 17 to to PART _ 18 live mark 18 live live VERB VerbForm=Inf 16 had xcomp 19 and and CCONJ _ 20 work cc 20 work work VERB VerbForm=Inf 18 live conj 21 on on ADP _ 25 land case 22 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 23 lord det 23 lord lord NOUN Number=Sing 25 land nmod:poss 24 's 's PART _ 23 lord case 25 land land NOUN Number=Sing 20 work obl 26 and and CCONJ _ 29 leave cc 27 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 29 leave aux 28 not not PART Polarity=Neg 29 leave advmod 29 leave leave VERB VerbForm=Inf 18 live conj 30 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 29 leave obj 31 . . PUNCT _ 6 worker punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past a serf a farm worker in the Middle Ages ago property tree rules 2 have past the Middle Ages tree rules 3 live to-infinitive the Middle Ages not said here vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 4 work infinitive the Middle Ages not said here on a lord's land vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on land=Theme 5 not leave could the Middle Ages not said here serf vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Serfs were not slaves, because they could not be sold alone, but they were not free.
The tree, 16 words nsubj cop advmod punct mark nsubj:pass aux advmod aux:pass conj advmod punct cc nsubj cop advmod conj punct root Serfs NOUN were AUX not PART slaves NOUN , PUNCT because SCONJ they PRON could AUX not PART be AUX sold VERB alone ADV , PUNCT but CCONJ they PRON were AUX not PART free ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Serfs serf NOUN Number=Plur 4 slaves nsubj 2 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 slaves cop 3 not not PART Polarity=Neg 4 slaves advmod 4 slaves slave NOUN Number=Plur root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 11 sold punct 6 because because SCONJ _ 11 sold mark 7 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 sold nsubj:pass 8 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 11 sold aux 9 not not PART Polarity=Neg 11 sold advmod 10 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 11 sold aux:pass 11 sold sell VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 4 slaves conj 12 alone alone ADV _ 11 sold advmod 13 , , PUNCT _ 18 free punct 14 but but CCONJ _ 18 free cc 15 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 18 free nsubj 16 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 18 free cop 17 not not PART Polarity=Neg 18 free advmod 18 free free ADJ Degree=Pos 4 slaves conj 19 . . PUNCT _ 4 slaves punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not is a past Serfs slaves tree rules 2 not sell could · passive Serfs = serf alone property vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme 3 not is past Serfs = serf free property tree rules
Example 1 The lord had 30 serfs.
det nsubj nummod obj punct root The DET lord NOUN had VERB 30 NUM serfs NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 lord det 2 lord lord NOUN Number=Sing 3 had nsubj 3 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 30 30 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 serfs nummod 5 serfs serf NOUN Number=Plur 3 had obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 3 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past the lord 30 serfs vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent serf=Patient
Example 2 Each serf worked 3 days a week for the lord.
det nsubj nummod obl:unmarked det obl:unmarked case det obl punct root Each DET serf NOUN worked VERB 3 NUM days NOUN a DET week NOUN for ADP the DET lord NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Each each DET PronType=Tot 2 serf det 2 serf serf NOUN Number=Sing 3 worked nsubj 3 worked work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 3 3 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 5 days nummod 5 days day NOUN Number=Plur 3 worked obl:unmarked 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 week det 7 week week NOUN Number=Sing 3 worked obl:unmarked 8 for for ADP _ 10 lord case 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 lord det 10 lord lord NOUN Number=Sing 3 worked obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 worked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 work past each serf day; week for the lord vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for lord=Beneficiary
Example 3 12 serfs worked in the fields.
nummod nsubj case det obl punct root 12 NUM serfs NOUN worked VERB in ADP the DET fields NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 12 12 NUM NumForm=Digit NumType=Card 2 serfs nummod 2 serfs serf NOUN Number=Plur 3 worked nsubj 3 worked work VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 fields case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 fields det 6 fields field NOUN Number=Plur 3 worked obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 worked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 work past 12 serfs in the fields vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in field=Theme
Example 4 How many serfs were left?
advmod amod nsubj:pass aux:pass punct root How ADV many ADJ serfs NOUN were AUX left VERB ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 How how ADV PronType=Int 2 many advmod 2 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 3 serfs amod 3 serfs serf NOUN Number=Plur 5 left nsubj:pass 4 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 left aux:pass 5 left leave VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 6 ? ? PUNCT _ 5 left punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 leave past · passive many serfs vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 5 Serfs gave part of their harvest to the lord of the manor.
nsubj obj case nmod:poss nmod case det obl case det nmod punct root Serfs NOUN gave VERB part NOUN of ADP their PRON harvest NOUN to ADP the DET lord NOUN of ADP the DET manor NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Serfs serf NOUN Number=Plur 2 gave nsubj 2 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 part part NOUN Number=Sing 2 gave obj 4 of of ADP _ 6 harvest case 5 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 harvest nmod:poss 6 harvest harvest NOUN Number=Sing 3 part nmod 7 to to ADP _ 9 lord case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 lord det 9 lord lord NOUN Number=Sing 2 gave obl 10 of of ADP _ 12 manor case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 manor det 12 manor manor NOUN Number=Sing 9 lord nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 gave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 give past Serfs part of Serfs's harvest the lord of the manor vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent part=Theme to lord=Recipient
Example 6 A serf needed the lord's permission to marry or move away.
det nsubj det nmod:poss case obj mark acl cc conj advmod punct root A DET serf NOUN needed VERB the DET lord NOUN 's PART permission NOUN to PART marry VERB or CCONJ move VERB away ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 serf det 2 serf serf NOUN Number=Sing 3 needed nsubj 3 needed need VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 lord det 5 lord lord NOUN Number=Sing 7 permission nmod:poss 6 's 's PART _ 5 lord case 7 permission permission NOUN Number=Sing 3 needed obj 8 to to PART _ 9 marry mark 9 marry marry VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 permission acl 10 or or CCONJ _ 11 move cc 11 move move VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 marry conj 12 away away ADV _ 11 move advmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 needed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 need past a serf the lord's permission vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot permission=Theme 2 marry to-infinitive a serf not said here the lord's permission not said here vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient 3 move away infinitive a serf not said here away property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme 4 permit the lord nom permission «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 7 In the story, the serf's son dreamed of being free.
case det obl punct det nmod:poss case nsubj case cop obl punct root In ADP the DET story NOUN , PUNCT the DET serf NOUN 's PART son NOUN dreamed VERB of ADP being AUX free ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 story case 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 story det 3 story story NOUN Number=Sing 9 dreamed obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 story punct 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 serf det 6 serf serf NOUN Number=Sing 8 son nmod:poss 7 's 's PART _ 6 serf case 8 son son NOUN Number=Sing 9 dreamed nsubj 9 dreamed dream VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 10 of of ADP _ 12 free case 11 being be AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 12 free cop 12 free free ADJ Degree=Pos 9 dreamed obl 13 . . PUNCT _ 9 dreamed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 dream past the serf's son the story vn cognize-85 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent 2 is gerund free property tree rules
Example 8 Serfdom ended in Russia long ago.
nsubj case obl advmod advmod punct root Serfdom NOUN ended VERB in ADP Russia PROPN long ADV ago ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Serfdom serfdom NOUN Number=Sing 2 ended nsubj 2 ended end VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 in in ADP _ 4 Russia case 4 Russia Russia PROPN Number=Sing 2 ended obl 5 long long ADV Degree=Pos 6 ago advmod 6 ago ago ADV _ 2 ended advmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 ended punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 end past Serfdom Russia ago property vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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