signalling

Who acts: Present participle, Dark clouds, something, cyclist, lifeguard, us · What happens: give, send, show, happen, signall, leave · To what, where: sign, message, rain, storm, trains, flags · Speech: someone speaks here

«signalling» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: signalling in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Present participle of «signal»: giving a sign, sound or light to send a message.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Present	present	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 participle	amod
2	participle	participle	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 signal	case
4	«	«	PUNCT	_	5 signal	punct
5	signal	signal	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 participle	nmod
6	»	»	PUNCT	_	2 participle	punct
7	:	:	PUNCT	_	8 giving	punct
8	giving	give	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 participle	acl
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 sign	det
10	sign	sign	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 giving	obj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 sound	punct
12	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 sign	conj
13	or	or	CCONJ	_	14 light	cc
14	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 sound	conj
15	to	to	PART	_	16 send	mark
16	send	send	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 giving	advcl
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 message	det
18	message	message	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 send	obj
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 participle	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	gerund	Present participle of signal not said here	a sign and sound or light					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sign=Theme
2	send	to-infinitive	Present participle of signal not said here	a message					vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Showing that something is happening: «Dark clouds are signalling rain.».

The tree, 10 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Showing	show	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	11 signalling	advcl
2	that	that	SCONJ	_	5 happening	mark
3	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	5 happening	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 happening	aux
5	happening	happen	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	1 Showing	ccomp
6	:	:	PUNCT	_	1 Showing	punct
7	«	«	PUNCT	_	11 signalling	punct
8	Dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 clouds	amod
9	clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 signalling	nsubj
10	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 signalling	aux
11	signalling	signall	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
12	rain	rain	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 signalling	obj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 signalling	punct
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	11 signalling	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 signalling	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	show	gerund	Dark clouds not said here		vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	happen	present · progressive	something		vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	signall in a quote	present · progressive	Dark clouds	rain	tree rules

Meaning 3

noun The system of signals on a railway or in the body: «railway signalling», «cell signalling».

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	noun	noun	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 system	compound
2	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 system	det
3	system	system	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	of	of	ADP	_	5 signals	case
5	signals	signal	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 system	nmod
6	on	on	ADP	_	8 railway	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 railway	det
8	railway	railway	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 signals	nmod
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	12 body	cc
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 body	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 body	det
12	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 railway	conj
13	:	:	PUNCT	_	16 signalling	punct
14	«	«	PUNCT	_	16 signalling	punct
15	railway	railway	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 signalling	compound
16	signalling	signalling	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 system	appos
17	»	»	PUNCT	_	16 signalling	punct
18	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 signalling	punct
19	«	«	PUNCT	_	21 signalling	punct
20	cell	cell	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 signalling	compound
21	signalling	signalling	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 system	appos
22	»	»	PUNCT	_	21 signalling	punct
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 system	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Example 1

The cyclist was signalling left.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 cyclist	det
2	cyclist	cyclist	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 signalling	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 signalling	aux
4	signalling	signall	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	left	leave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 signalling	xcomp
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 signalling	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	signall	past · progressive	the cyclist						tree rules
2	leave	participle	the cyclist not said here						vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 2

The lifeguard is signalling for us to come in.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 lifeguard	det
2	lifeguard	lifeguard	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 signalling	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 signalling	aux
4	signalling	signall	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	for	for	SCONJ	_	8 come	mark
6	us	we	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	8 come	nsubj
7	to	to	PART	_	8 come	mark
8	come	come	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 signalling	advcl
9	in	in	ADV	_	8 come	advmod
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 signalling	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	signall	present · progressive	the lifeguard						tree rules
2	come in	to-infinitive	us						vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Example 3

Dark clouds were signalling a storm.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 clouds	amod
2	clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 signalling	nsubj
3	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 signalling	aux
4	signalling	signall	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 storm	det
6	storm	storm	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 signalling	obj
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 signalling	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	signall	past · progressive	Dark clouds	a storm					tree rules

Example 4

Railway signalling stops trains from crashing.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Railway	railway	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 signalling	compound
2	signalling	signalling	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stops	nsubj
3	stops	stop	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	trains	train	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 stops	obj
5	from	from	SCONJ	_	6 crashing	mark
6	crashing	crash	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 stops	advcl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 stops	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stop	present	Railway signalling	trains					vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality train=Eventuality
2	crash	gerund	Railway signalling not said here						vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Example 5

Sailors used flags for signalling.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Sailors	sailor	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 used	nsubj
2	used	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	flags	flag	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 used	obj
4	for	for	ADP	_	5 signalling	case
5	signalling	signalling	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 used	obl
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 used	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	past	Sailors	flags				for signalling	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent flag=Theme for signalling=Eventuality

Example 6

Always check the driver is signalling before you cross.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	2 check	advmod
2	check	check	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 driver	det
4	driver	driver	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 signalling	nsubj
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 signalling	aux
6	signalling	signall	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 check	ccomp
7	before	before	SCONJ	_	9 cross	mark
8	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	9 cross	nsubj
9	cross	cross	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 signalling	advcl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 check	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	check	imperative	you not said here	always property	tree rules
2	signall	present · progressive	the driver		tree rules
3	cross	present	you		vn contiguous_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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