sing Who acts: Birds, Things, someone, We, She, you · What happens: sing, mean, make, use, praise, sleep · To what, where: music, words, musical calls, high musical sound, praises, school choir · Speech: someone speaks here
«sing» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sing in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To sing means to make music with your voice, using words or tunes.
The tree, 13 words mark csubj mark xcomp obj case nmod:poss obl punct advcl obj cc conj punct root To PART sing VERB means VERB to PART make VERB music NOUN with ADP your PRON voice NOUN , PUNCT using VERB words NOUN or CCONJ tunes NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sing mark 2 sing sing VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means csubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 make mark 5 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 means xcomp 6 music music NOUN Number=Sing 5 make obj 7 with with ADP _ 9 voice case 8 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 voice nmod:poss 9 voice voice NOUN Number=Sing 5 make obl 10 , , PUNCT _ 11 using punct 11 using use VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 5 make advcl 12 words word NOUN Number=Plur 11 using obj 13 or or CCONJ _ 14 tunes cc 14 tunes tune NOUN Number=Plur 12 words conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express to-infinitive vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 make not said to happen to-infinitive music with your voice vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset music=Product 4 use gerund words or tunes vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Birds sing when they make musical calls.
nsubj advmod nsubj advcl amod obj punct root Birds NOUN sing VERB when ADV they PRON make VERB musical ADJ calls NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 2 sing nsubj 2 sing sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 when when ADV PronType=Int 5 make advmod 4 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 5 make nsubj 5 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 sing advcl 6 musical musical ADJ Degree=Pos 7 calls amod 7 calls call NOUN Number=Plur 5 make obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 sing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express present Birds vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location 2 make present Birds = bird musical calls vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset call=Product
Meaning 3 Things like a kettle or the wind can «sing» when they make a high, musical sound.
The tree, 16 words nsubj case det nmod cc det conj aux punct punct advmod nsubj advcl det amod punct amod obj punct root Things NOUN like ADP a DET kettle NOUN or CCONJ the DET wind NOUN can AUX « PUNCT sing VERB » PUNCT when ADV they PRON make VERB a DET high ADJ , PUNCT musical ADJ sound NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Things thing NOUN Number=Plur 10 sing nsubj 2 like like ADP _ 4 kettle case 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 kettle det 4 kettle kettle NOUN Number=Sing 1 Things nmod 5 or or CCONJ _ 7 wind cc 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 wind det 7 wind wind NOUN Number=Sing 4 kettle conj 8 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 10 sing aux 9 « « PUNCT _ 10 sing punct 10 sing sing VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 11 » » PUNCT _ 10 sing punct 12 when when ADV PronType=Int 14 make advmod 13 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 14 make nsubj 14 make make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 sing advcl 15 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 19 sound det 16 high high ADJ Degree=Pos 19 sound amod 17 , , PUNCT _ 16 high punct 18 musical musical ADJ Degree=Pos 19 sound amod 19 sound sound NOUN Number=Sing 14 make obj 20 . . PUNCT _ 10 sing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express in a quote can Things like a kettle or the wind vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 make present Things = thing a high musical sound vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product
Meaning 4 To sing someone's praises means to praise them a lot.
mark csubj nmod:poss case obj mark xcomp obj det obj punct root To PART sing VERB someone PRON 's PART praises NOUN means VERB to PART praise VERB them PRON a DET lot NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 sing mark 2 sing sing VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 means csubj 3 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 5 praises nmod:poss 4 's 's PART _ 3 someone case 5 praises praise NOUN Number=Plur 2 sing obj 6 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 7 to to PART _ 8 praise mark 8 praise praise VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 means xcomp 9 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 praise obj 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 lot det 11 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 8 praise obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 6 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express to-infinitive someone's praises vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location praise=Theme 2 mean present vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 3 praise not said to happen to-infinitive praises = praise tree rules 4 praise someone nom praise «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 1 We sing in the school choir.
nsubj case det compound obl punct root We PRON sing VERB in ADP the DET school NOUN choir NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 sing nsubj 2 sing sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 in in ADP _ 6 choir case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 choir det 5 school school NOUN Number=Sing 6 choir compound 6 choir choir NOUN Number=Sing 2 sing obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 sing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express present We the school choir vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in choir=Location
Example 2 She sang «Happy Birthday» to her dad.
nsubj punct amod obj punct case nmod:poss obl punct root She PRON sang VERB « PUNCT Happy ADJ Birthday PROPN » PUNCT to ADP her PRON dad NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 sang nsubj 2 sang sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 « « PUNCT _ 5 Birthday punct 4 Happy happy ADJ Degree=Pos 5 Birthday amod 5 Birthday Birthday PROPN Number=Sing 2 sang obj 6 » » PUNCT _ 5 Birthday punct 7 to to ADP _ 9 dad case 8 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 dad nmod:poss 9 dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 sang obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 sang punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express past She Happy Birthday Birthday's dad vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent birthday=Topic to dad=Recipient
Example 3 The birds were singing in the morning.
det nsubj aux case det obl punct root The DET birds NOUN were AUX singing VERB in ADP the DET morning NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 birds det 2 birds bird NOUN Number=Plur 4 singing nsubj 3 were be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 singing aux 4 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 in in ADP _ 7 morning case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 morning det 7 morning morning NOUN Number=Sing 4 singing obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 singing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express past · progressive the birds morning vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location
Example 4 Can you sing along to this song?
aux nsubj advmod case det obl punct root Can AUX you PRON sing VERB along ADV to ADP this DET song NOUN ? PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 3 sing aux 2 you you PRON Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs 3 sing nsubj 3 sing sing VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 4 along along ADV _ 3 sing advmod 5 to to ADP _ 7 song case 6 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 7 song det 7 song song NOUN Number=Sing 3 sing obl 8 ? ? PUNCT _ 3 sing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express can you this song along property vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to song=Recipient
Example 5 He has sung in three concerts.
nsubj aux case nummod obl punct root He PRON has AUX sung VERB in ADP three NUM concerts NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 sung nsubj 2 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 sung aux 3 sung sing VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part root root 4 in in ADP _ 6 concerts case 5 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 concerts nummod 6 concerts concert NOUN Number=Plur 3 sung obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 sung punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express present · perfect He three concerts vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in concert=Location
Example 6 Mum sang the baby to sleep.
nsubj det obj mark acl punct root Mum NOUN sang VERB the DET baby NOUN to PART sleep VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Mum mum NOUN Number=Sing 2 sang nsubj 2 sang sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 baby det 4 baby baby NOUN Number=Sing 2 sang obj 5 to to PART _ 6 sleep mark 6 sleep sleep VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 baby acl 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 sang punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express past Mum the baby vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location baby=Theme 2 sleep to-infinitive Mum not said here the baby not said here vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 The kettle began to sing on the stove.
det nsubj mark xcomp case det obl punct root The DET kettle NOUN began VERB to PART sing VERB on ADP the DET stove NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 kettle det 2 kettle kettle NOUN Number=Sing 3 began nsubj 3 began begin VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to PART _ 5 sing mark 5 sing sing VERB VerbForm=Inf 3 began xcomp 6 on on ADP _ 8 stove case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 stove det 8 stove stove NOUN Number=Sing 5 sing obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 began punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 begin past the kettle vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality 2 sing speech: express to-infinitive the kettle not said here the stove vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on stove=Location
Example 8 My teacher always sings our praises.
nmod:poss nsubj advmod nmod:poss obj punct root My PRON teacher NOUN always ADV sings VERB our PRON praises NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 My my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 teacher nmod:poss 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 4 sings nsubj 3 always always ADV PronType=Tot 4 sings advmod 4 sings sing VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 praises nmod:poss 6 praises praise NOUN Number=Plur 4 sings obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 sings punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 sing speech: express present My teacher our praises always property vn sound_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location praise=Theme 2 praise our nom praise «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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