sleigh

Who acts: horses, Sleigh, joking Christmas spelling, reindeer, We, sleigh bells · What happens: pull, carry, ride, joke, be, slay · To what, where: large sledge, people, snow, Santa sleigh, sleigh, joking Christmas spelling · Speech: someone speaks here

«sleigh» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: sleigh in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A large sledge pulled by horses, reindeer or dogs, for carrying people or goods over snow.

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 sledge	det
2	large	large	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 sledge	amod
3	sledge	sledge	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 pulled	nsubj:pass
4	pulled	pull	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 horses	case
6	horses	horse	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 pulled	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 reindeer	punct
8	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 horses	conj
9	or	or	CCONJ	_	10 dogs	cc
10	dogs	dog	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 horses	conj
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 carrying	punct
12	for	for	SCONJ	_	13 carrying	mark
13	carrying	carry	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 pulled	advcl
14	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 carrying	obj
15	or	or	CCONJ	_	16 goods	cc
16	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	14 people	conj
17	over	over	ADP	_	18 snow	case
18	snow	snow	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 carrying	obl
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 pulled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull	participle · passive	horses and reindeer or dogs	a large sledge					vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme
2	carry	gerund	horses and reindeer or dogs not said here	people or goods		snow			vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Father Christmas's or Santa Claus's sleigh, pulled by reindeer in Christmas stories.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Father	Father	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 Christmas	flat
2	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 sleigh	nmod:poss
3	's	's	PART	_	2 Christmas	case
4	or	or	CCONJ	_	5 Santa	cc
5	Santa	Santa	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 sleigh	compound
6	Claus	Claus	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 Santa	flat
7	's	's	PART	_	5 Santa	case
8	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 pulled	punct
10	pulled	pull	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 sleigh	acl
11	by	by	ADP	_	12 reindeer	case
12	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 pulled	obl
13	in	in	ADP	_	15 stories	case
14	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	Number=Sing	15 stories	compound
15	stories	story	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 pulled	obl:agent
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 sleigh	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull	participle		Father Christmas's Santa sleigh not said here				by reindeer	vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Meaning 3

Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

To ride in a sleigh.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	To	to	PART	_	2 ride	mark
2	ride	ride	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 sleigh	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 sleigh	det
5	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 ride	obl
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 ride	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ride	to-infinitive				a sleigh			vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent

Meaning 4

Usage: slang — kept apart, not parsed.

«Sleigh» is a joking Christmas spelling of slang «slay», meaning to do something brilliantly.

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	2 Sleigh	punct
2	Sleigh	Sleigh	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 spelling	nsubj
3	»	»	PUNCT	_	2 Sleigh	punct
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 spelling	cop
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 spelling	det
6	joking	joke	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 spelling	amod
7	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 spelling	compound
8	spelling	spelling	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 slang	case
10	slang	slang	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 spelling	nmod
11	«	«	PUNCT	_	12 slay	punct
12	slay	slay	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	10 slang	parataxis
13	»	»	PUNCT	_	12 slay	punct
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 meaning	punct
15	meaning	mean	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 spelling	acl
16	to	to	PART	_	17 do	mark
17	do	do	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	15 meaning	xcomp
18	something	something	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Ind	17 do	obj
19	brilliantly	brilliantly	ADV	_	17 do	advmod
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 spelling	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	joke speech: other	gerund				vn chit_chat-37.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	is a	present	Sleigh	a joking Christmas spelling	of slang	tree rules
3	slay in a quote	infinitive				vn murder-42.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
4	mean	gerund	a joking Christmas spelling not said here			vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
5	do not said to happen	to-infinitive	a joking Christmas spelling not said here	something	brilliantly property	vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality

Example 1

Santa's sleigh is pulled by reindeer.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Santa	Santa	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 sleigh	nmod:poss
2	's	's	PART	_	1 Santa	case
3	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 pulled	nsubj:pass
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 pulled	aux:pass
5	pulled	pull	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	by	by	ADP	_	7 reindeer	case
7	reindeer	reindeer	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 pulled	obl
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 pulled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull	present · passive	reindeer	Santa's sleigh					vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme

Example 2

We rode in a horse-drawn sleigh in Lapland.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 rode	nsubj
2	rode	ride	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	8 sleigh	case
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 sleigh	det
5	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 drawn	compound
6	-	-	PUNCT	_	5 horse	punct
7	drawn	draw	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 sleigh	amod
8	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rode	obl
9	in	in	ADP	_	10 Lapland	case
10	Lapland	Lapland	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 sleigh	nmod
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 rode	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ride	past	We			a drawn sleigh in Lapland			vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent
2	draw	participle							vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Example 3

"Dashing through the snow, in a one-horse open sleigh…"

The tree, 10 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	2 Dashing	punct
2	Dashing	dash	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
3	through	through	ADP	_	5 snow	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 snow	det
5	snow	snow	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 Dashing	obl
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 sleigh	punct
7	in	in	ADP	_	13 sleigh	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 sleigh	det
9	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	11 horse	nummod
10	-	-	PUNCT	_	9 one	punct
11	horse	horse	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 sleigh	compound
12	open	open	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 sleigh	amod
13	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 Dashing	obj
14	…	.	PUNCT	_	13 sleigh	punct
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 sleigh	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	dash in a quote	gerund		a horse open sleigh		the snow			vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent sleigh=Theme through snow=Trajectory

Example 4

The sleigh bells jingled in the cold air.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 bells	det
2	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 bells	compound
3	bells	bell	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 jingled	nsubj
4	jingled	jingle	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	in	in	ADP	_	8 air	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 air	det
7	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 air	amod
8	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 jingled	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 jingled	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	jingle	past	the sleigh bells			the cold air			vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in air=Location

Example 5

They loaded wood onto the sleigh.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 loaded	nsubj
2	loaded	load	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	wood	wood	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 loaded	obj
4	onto	onto	ADP	_	6 sleigh	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 sleigh	det
6	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 loaded	obl
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 loaded	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	load	past	They	wood		the sleigh			vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent wood=Theme onto sleigh=Destination

Example 6

(slang, Christmas joke) "Your jumper looks great — you sleigh!"

The tree, 9 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 slang	punct
2	slang	slang	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 looks	obl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 joke	punct
4	Christmas	Christmas	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 joke	compound
5	joke	joke	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 slang	conj
6	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 slang	punct
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 looks	punct
8	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 jumper	nmod:poss
9	jumper	jumper	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 looks	nsubj
10	looks	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
11	great	great	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 looks	xcomp
12	—	-	PUNCT	_	14 sleigh	punct
13	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	14 sleigh	nsubj
14	sleigh	sleigh	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 looks	conj
15	!	!	PUNCT	_	14 sleigh	punct
16	"	"	PUNCT	_	14 sleigh	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	look in a quote	present	Your jumper	slang and Christmas joke				great property	vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
2	sleigh in a quote	present	you						vn vehicle-51.4.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme

Example 7

Then they went to the Lapland woman, who gave them new clothes and mended their sleigh.

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	3 went	advmod
2	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 went	nsubj
3	went	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	7 woman	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 woman	det
6	Lapland	Lapland	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 woman	compound
7	woman	woman	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 went	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 gave	punct
9	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 gave	nsubj
10	gave	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 woman	acl:relcl
11	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 gave	iobj
12	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 clothes	amod
13	clothes	clothes	NOUN	Number=Ptan	10 gave	obj
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 mended	cc
15	mended	mend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 went	conj
16	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	17 sleigh	nmod:poss
17	sleigh	sleigh	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 mended	obj
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 went	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	when	other	roles by
1	go	past	they			then	to the Lapland woman	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to woman=Initial_Location
2	give	past	the Lapland woman	new clothes	them = they			vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent they=Recipient clothes=Theme
3	mend	past	they not said here	clothes's sleigh				tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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