speaking Who acts: ing form, words, skill, speaking, She, her · What happens: speak, be, mean, say, talk, use · To what, where: ing form, skill, language, front, Sam, speaking country · Speech: someone speaks here
«speaking» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: speaking in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Speaking is the -ing form of «speak», which means to say words, to talk.
The tree, 14 words nsubj cop det punct compound mark punct acl punct punct nsubj parataxis mark xcomp obj punct mark conj punct root Speaking VERB is AUX the DET - PUNCT ing NOUN form NOUN of SCONJ « PUNCT speak VERB » PUNCT , PUNCT which PRON means VERB to PART say VERB words NOUN , PUNCT to PART talk VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Speaking speak VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 form nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 form cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 form det 4 - - PUNCT _ 3 the punct 5 ing ing NOUN Number=Sing 6 form compound 6 form form NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of SCONJ _ 9 speak mark 8 « « PUNCT _ 9 speak punct 9 speak speak VERB VerbForm=Inf 6 form acl 10 » » PUNCT _ 9 speak punct 11 , , PUNCT _ 13 means punct 12 which which PRON PronType=Rel 13 means nsubj 13 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 form parataxis 14 to to PART _ 15 say mark 15 say say VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 means xcomp 16 words word NOUN Number=Plur 15 say obj 17 , , PUNCT _ 19 talk punct 18 to to PART _ 19 talk mark 19 talk talk VERB VerbForm=Inf 15 say conj 20 . . PUNCT _ 6 form punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other gerund vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is a present the ing form tree rules 3 speak speech: other in a quote infinitive the ing form not said here vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 4 mean present the ing form vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 5 say speech: assert not said to happen to-infinitive words vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent 6 talk to-infinitive words not said here vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Speaking is the skill of talking, especially to a group (public speaking).
The tree, 12 words nsubj cop det mark acl punct advmod case det obl punct amod appos punct punct root Speaking VERB is AUX the DET skill NOUN of SCONJ talking VERB , PUNCT especially ADV to ADP a DET group NOUN ( PUNCT public ADJ speaking NOUN ) PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Speaking speak VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 skill nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 skill cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 skill det 4 skill skill NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 of of SCONJ _ 6 talking mark 6 talking talk VERB VerbForm=Ger 4 skill acl 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 group punct 8 especially especially ADV _ 11 group advmod 9 to to ADP _ 11 group case 10 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 11 group det 11 group group NOUN Number=Sing 6 talking obl 12 ( ( PUNCT _ 14 speaking punct 13 public public ADJ Degree=Pos 14 speaking amod 14 speaking speaking NOUN Number=Sing 11 group appos 15 ) ) PUNCT _ 14 speaking punct 16 . . PUNCT _ 4 skill punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other gerund vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is a present the skill tree rules 3 talk gerund the skill not said here to a group vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to group=Co-Agent
Meaning 3 -speaking means using a language, as in an English-speaking country.
The tree, 11 words punct nsubj xcomp det obj punct case case det compound punct amod obl punct root - PUNCT speaking NOUN means VERB using VERB a DET language NOUN , PUNCT as ADP in ADP an DET English ADJ - PUNCT speaking VERB country NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 - - PUNCT _ 3 means punct 2 speaking speaking NOUN Number=Sing 3 means nsubj 3 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 using use VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 means xcomp 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 language det 6 language language NOUN Number=Sing 4 using obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 14 country punct 8 as as ADP _ 14 country case 9 in in ADP _ 14 country case 10 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 14 country det 11 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 13 speaking compound 12 - - PUNCT _ 11 English punct 13 speaking speak VERB VerbForm=Ger 14 country amod 14 country country NOUN Number=Sing 4 using obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present speaking vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 use not said to happen gerund speaking not said here a language as a speaking country vn spend_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent language=Duration as country=Attribute 3 speak speech: other gerund vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 1 She is speaking to the class about her trip.
nsubj aux case det obl case nmod:poss nmod punct root She PRON is AUX speaking VERB to ADP the DET class NOUN about ADP her PRON trip NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 speaking nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 speaking aux 3 speaking speak VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 4 to to ADP _ 6 class case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 class det 6 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 speaking obl 7 about about ADP _ 9 trip case 8 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 trip nmod:poss 9 trip trip NOUN Number=Sing 6 class nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 3 speaking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other present · progressive She to the class about her trip vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to class=Co-Agent 2 trip her = she nom trip «act transitive»: poss=agent
Example 2 Please wait until I've finished speaking.
discourse mark nsubj aux advcl xcomp punct root Please INTJ wait VERB until SCONJ I PRON 've AUX finished VERB speaking VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Please please INTJ _ 2 wait discourse 2 wait wait VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 3 until until SCONJ _ 6 finished mark 4 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 6 finished nsubj 5 've have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 finished aux 6 finished finish VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 2 wait advcl 7 speaking speak VERB VerbForm=Ger 6 finished xcomp 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 wait punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 wait imperative you not said here vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 finish present · perfect I vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality 3 speak speech: other gerund I not said here vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 3 Speaking in front of people can be scary.
csubj case obl case nmod aux cop punct root Speaking VERB in ADP front NOUN of ADP people NOUN can AUX be AUX scary ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Speaking speak VERB VerbForm=Ger 8 scary csubj 2 in in ADP _ 3 front case 3 front front NOUN Number=Sing 1 Speaking obl 4 of of ADP _ 5 people case 5 people people NOUN Number=Plur 3 front nmod 6 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 8 scary aux 7 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 8 scary cop 8 scary scary ADJ Degree=Pos root root 9 . . PUNCT _ 8 scary punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other gerund front of people vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is can Speaking scary property tree rules
Example 4 «Can I talk to Sam?» «Speaking!»
Sentence 1: «Can I talk to Sam?»
punct aux nsubj case obl punct punct root « PUNCT Can AUX I PRON talk VERB to ADP Sam PROPN ? PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 4 talk punct 2 Can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 talk aux 3 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 talk nsubj 4 talk talk VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 to to ADP _ 6 Sam case 6 Sam Sam PROPN Number=Sing 4 talk obl 7 ? ? PUNCT _ 4 talk punct 8 » » PUNCT _ 4 talk punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 talk in a quote can I Sam vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to sam=Co-Agent
Sentence 2: «Speaking!»
punct punct punct root « PUNCT Speaking VERB ! PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Speaking punct 2 Speaking speak VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 3 ! ! PUNCT _ 2 Speaking punct 4 » » PUNCT _ 2 Speaking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other in a quote gerund vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 5 Canada is an English- and French-speaking country.
nsubj cop det compound punct cc compound punct amod punct root Canada PROPN is AUX an DET English ADJ - PUNCT and CCONJ French ADJ - PUNCT speaking VERB country NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Canada Canada PROPN Number=Sing 10 country nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 10 country cop 3 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 country det 4 English English ADJ Degree=Pos 9 speaking compound 5 - - PUNCT _ 4 English punct 6 and and CCONJ _ 9 speaking cc 7 French French ADJ Degree=Pos 9 speaking compound 8 - - PUNCT _ 7 French punct 9 speaking speak VERB VerbForm=Ger 10 country amod 10 country country NOUN Number=Sing root root 11 . . PUNCT _ 10 country punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other gerund vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is a present Canada a speaking country tree rules
Example 6 Generally speaking, cats sleep a lot.
advmod punct nsubj conj det obj punct root Generally ADV speaking VERB , PUNCT cats NOUN sleep VERB a DET lot NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Generally generally ADV _ 2 speaking advmod 2 speaking speak VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 3 , , PUNCT _ 5 sleep punct 4 cats cat NOUN Number=Plur 5 sleep nsubj 5 sleep sleep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 speaking conj 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 lot det 7 lot lot NOUN Number=Sing 5 sleep obj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 speaking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other gerund generally property vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 sleep present cats a lot vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Theme
Example 7 We practised our speaking skills in a debate.
nsubj nmod:poss compound obj case det obl punct root We PRON practised VERB our PRON speaking NOUN skills NOUN in ADP a DET debate NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 practised nsubj 2 practised practise VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 skills nmod:poss 4 speaking speaking NOUN Number=Sing 5 skills compound 5 skills skill NOUN Number=Plur 2 practised obj 6 in in ADP _ 8 debate case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 debate det 8 debate debate NOUN Number=Sing 2 practised obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 practised punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 practise past We our speaking skills a debate tree rules
Example 8 “Nibs is speaking with his mouth full.”
punct nsubj aux case nmod:poss obl amod punct punct root “ PUNCT Nibs NOUN is AUX speaking VERB with ADP his PRON mouth NOUN full ADJ . PUNCT ” PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 “ " PUNCT _ 4 speaking punct 2 Nibs nib NOUN Number=Plur 4 speaking nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 speaking aux 4 speaking speak VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 with with ADP _ 7 mouth case 6 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 mouth nmod:poss 7 mouth mouth NOUN Number=Sing 4 speaking obl 8 full full ADJ Degree=Pos 7 mouth amod 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 speaking punct 10 ” " PUNCT _ 4 speaking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 speak speech: other in a quote present · progressive Nibs with his mouth vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent with mouth=Co-Agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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