spruce Who acts: spruce, someone, forest, We, you, 's · What happens: be, hang, grow, mean, spruce up, look · To what, where: tall evergreen tree, cold places, light wood, something, needles, spruce
«spruce» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: spruce in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A spruce is a tall evergreen tree with short needles and hanging cones; it often grows in cold places.
The tree, 19 words det nsubj cop det amod compound case amod nmod cc amod conj punct nsubj advmod conj case amod obl punct root A DET spruce NOUN is AUX a DET tall ADJ evergreen NOUN tree NOUN with ADP short ADJ needles NOUN and CCONJ hanging VERB cones NOUN ; PUNCT it PRON often ADV grows VERB in ADP cold ADJ places NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 spruce det 2 spruce spruce NOUN Number=Sing 7 tree nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 tree cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 tree det 5 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 7 tree amod 6 evergreen evergreen NOUN Number=Sing 7 tree compound 7 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 with with ADP _ 10 needles case 9 short short ADJ Degree=Pos 10 needles amod 10 needles needle NOUN Number=Plur 7 tree nmod 11 and and CCONJ _ 13 cones cc 12 hanging hang VERB VerbForm=Ger 13 cones amod 13 cones cone NOUN Number=Plur 10 needles conj 14 ; ; PUNCT _ 17 grows punct 15 it it PRON Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 17 grows nsubj 16 often often ADV _ 17 grows advmod 17 grows grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 tree conj 18 in in ADP _ 20 places case 19 cold cold ADJ Degree=Pos 20 places amod 20 places place NOUN Number=Plur 17 grows obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 7 tree punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a spruce a tall evergreen tree with short needles and hanging cones tree rules 2 hang gerund vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 grow present spruce cold places often property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in place=Location
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Spruce is the light wood of this tree.
nsubj cop det compound case det nmod punct root Spruce NOUN is AUX the DET light NOUN wood NOUN of ADP this DET tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Spruce spruce NOUN Number=Sing 5 wood nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 wood cop 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 wood det 4 light light NOUN Number=Sing 5 wood compound 5 wood wood NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 of of ADP _ 8 tree case 7 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 8 tree det 8 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 5 wood nmod 9 . . PUNCT _ 5 wood punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Spruce the light wood of this tree tree rules
Meaning 3 Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.
Spruce means neat, clean and smart in appearance.
nsubj xcomp punct conj cc conj case obl punct root Spruce NOUN means VERB neat ADJ , PUNCT clean ADJ and CCONJ smart ADJ in ADP appearance NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Spruce spruce NOUN Number=Sing 2 means nsubj 2 means mean VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 neat neat ADJ Degree=Pos 2 means xcomp 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 clean punct 5 clean clean ADJ Degree=Pos 3 neat conj 6 and and CCONJ _ 7 smart cc 7 smart smart ADJ Degree=Pos 3 neat conj 8 in in ADP _ 9 appearance case 9 appearance appearance NOUN Number=Sing 7 smart obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 means punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 mean present Spruce neat property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent
Meaning 4 To spruce up something or someone is to make them look neater and smarter.
The tree, 14 words mark compound:prt obj cc nsubj cop mark conj obj xcomp xcomp cc conj punct root To PART spruce VERB up ADP something PRON or CCONJ someone PRON is AUX to PART make VERB them PRON look VERB neater ADJ and CCONJ smarter ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 spruce mark 2 spruce spruce VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 up up ADP _ 2 spruce compound:prt 4 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 spruce obj 5 or or CCONJ _ 9 make cc 6 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 9 make nsubj 7 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 make cop 8 to to PART _ 9 make mark 9 make make VERB VerbForm=Inf 2 spruce conj 10 them they PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 9 make obj 11 look look VERB VerbForm=Inf 9 make xcomp 12 neater neat ADJ Degree=Cmp 11 look xcomp 13 and and CCONJ _ 14 smarter cc 14 smarter smart ADJ Degree=Cmp 12 neater conj 15 . . PUNCT _ 2 spruce punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spruce up to-infinitive something vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Patient 2 is present someone make property tree rules 3 look infinitive someone not said here neat property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Example 1 A spruce keeps its needles all winter.
det nsubj nmod:poss obj det obl:unmarked punct root A DET spruce NOUN keeps VERB its PRON needles NOUN all DET winter NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 spruce det 2 spruce spruce NOUN Number=Sing 3 keeps nsubj 3 keeps keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 needles nmod:poss 5 needles needle NOUN Number=Plur 3 keeps obj 6 all all DET PronType=Tot 7 winter det 7 winter winter NOUN Number=Sing 3 keeps obl:unmarked 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 keeps punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep present a spruce spruce's needles winter vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent needle=Theme
Example 2 The forest was full of tall spruces.
det nsubj cop case amod obl punct root The DET forest NOUN was AUX full ADJ of ADP tall ADJ spruces NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 forest det 2 forest forest NOUN Number=Sing 4 full nsubj 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 full cop 4 full full ADJ Degree=Pos root root 5 of of ADP _ 7 spruces case 6 tall tall ADJ Degree=Pos 7 spruces amod 7 spruces spruce NOUN Number=Plur 4 full obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 4 full punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the forest of tall spruces; full property tree rules
Example 3 We bought a spruce for our Christmas tree.
nsubj det obj case nmod:poss compound obl punct root We PRON bought VERB a DET spruce NOUN for ADP our PRON Christmas PROPN tree NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 We we PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 bought nsubj 2 bought buy VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 spruce det 4 spruce spruce NOUN Number=Sing 2 bought obj 5 for for ADP _ 8 tree case 6 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 tree nmod:poss 7 Christmas Christmas PROPN Number=Sing 8 tree compound 8 tree tree NOUN Number=Sing 2 bought obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 bought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 buy past We a spruce for our Christmas tree vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent spruce=Theme for tree=Beneficiary
Example 4 Let's spruce up the classroom before parents' evening.
obj xcomp compound:prt det obj case nmod:poss case obl punct root Let VERB 's PRON spruce VERB up ADP the DET classroom NOUN before ADP parents NOUN ' PART evening NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Let let VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 's we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 1 Let obj 3 spruce spruce VERB VerbForm=Inf 1 Let xcomp 4 up up ADP _ 3 spruce compound:prt 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 classroom det 6 classroom classroom NOUN Number=Sing 3 spruce obj 7 before before ADP _ 10 evening case 8 parents parent NOUN Number=Plur 10 evening nmod:poss 9 ' 's PART _ 8 parents case 10 evening evening NOUN Number=Sing 3 spruce obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 1 Let punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 let imperative you not said here 's tree rules 2 spruce up infinitive 's not said here the classroom evening vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent classroom=Patient
Example 5 Dad looked very spruce in his new suit.
nsubj advmod xcomp case nmod:poss amod obl punct root Dad NOUN looked VERB very ADV spruce ADJ in ADP his PRON new ADJ suit NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Dad dad NOUN Number=Sing 2 looked nsubj 2 looked look VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 very very ADV _ 4 spruce advmod 4 spruce spruce ADJ Degree=Pos 2 looked xcomp 5 in in ADP _ 8 suit case 6 his his PRON Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 8 suit nmod:poss 7 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 8 suit amod 8 suit suit NOUN Number=Sing 4 spruce obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 looked punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look past Dad spruce property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus
Example 6 The violin was made of spruce.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root The DET violin NOUN was AUX made VERB of ADP spruce NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 violin det 2 violin violin NOUN Number=Sing 4 made nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 made aux:pass 4 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 of of ADP _ 6 spruce case 6 spruce spruce NOUN Number=Sing 4 made obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past · passive the violin of spruce vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
Example 7 She spruced herself up for the party.
nsubj obj compound:prt case det obl punct root She PRON spruced VERB herself PRON up ADP for ADP the DET party NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 spruced nsubj 2 spruced spruce VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 herself herself PRON Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 2 spruced obj 4 up up ADP _ 2 spruced compound:prt 5 for for ADP _ 7 party case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 party det 7 party party NOUN Number=Sing 2 spruced obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 spruced punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 spruce up past She herself = she for the party vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent herself=Patient
Example 8 And ‘Quack, quack, quack.’ Drakestail is off again, singing and spruce as before.
Sentence 1: And ‘Quack, quack, quack.’
cc punct punct conj punct conj punct punct root And CCONJ ‘ PUNCT Quack NOUN , PUNCT quack NOUN , PUNCT quack NOUN . PUNCT ’ PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 And and CCONJ _ 3 Quack cc 2 ‘ ' PUNCT _ 3 Quack punct 3 Quack quack NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 , , PUNCT _ 5 quack punct 5 quack quack NOUN Number=Sing 3 Quack conj 6 , , PUNCT _ 7 quack punct 7 quack quack NOUN Number=Sing 3 Quack conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 Quack punct 9 ’ ' PUNCT _ 3 Quack punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Sentence 2: Drakestail is off again, singing and spruce as before.
nsubj cop advmod advmod punct cc conj case obl punct root Drakestail PROPN is AUX off ADV again ADV , PUNCT singing VERB and CCONJ spruce NOUN as ADP before ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Drakestail Drakestail PROPN Number=Sing 6 singing nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 singing cop 3 off off ADV _ 4 again advmod 4 again again ADV _ 6 singing advmod 5 , , PUNCT _ 6 singing punct 6 singing sing VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 spruce cc 8 spruce spruce NOUN Number=Sing 6 singing conj 9 as as ADP _ 10 before case 10 before before ADV _ 6 singing obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 6 singing punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is present Drakestail again sing property tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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