suffix

Who acts: suffix, ed, you, ly, Adding, suffix er · What happens: be, add, make, change, use, jump · To what, where: group, letters, new word, suffix, maths, number · Speech: someone speaks here

«suffix» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: suffix in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a word to make a new word or change how it is used, like -ful in «hopeful», -ness in «kindness» or -ed in «jumped».

The tree, 36 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 suffix	det
2	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 group	nsubj
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 group	cop
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 group	det
5	group	group	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 letters	case
7	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 group	nmod
8	added	add	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 letters	acl
9	to	to	ADP	_	11 end	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 end	det
11	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 added	obl
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 word	case
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 word	det
14	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 end	nmod
15	to	to	PART	_	16 make	mark
16	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 added	advcl
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 word	det
18	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 word	amod
19	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 make	obj
20	or	or	CCONJ	_	21 change	cc
21	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	16 make	conj
22	how	how	ADV	PronType=Int	25 used	advmod
23	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	25 used	nsubj:pass
24	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	25 used	aux:pass
25	used	use	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	21 change	ccomp
26	,	,	PUNCT	_	29 ful	punct
27	like	like	ADP	_	29 ful	case
28	-	-	PUNCT	_	27 like	punct
29	ful	ful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	25 used	parataxis
30	in	in	ADP	_	32 hopeful	case
31	«	«	PUNCT	_	32 hopeful	punct
32	hopeful	hopeful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	29 ful	obl
33	»	»	PUNCT	_	29 ful	punct
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	36 ness	punct
35	-	-	PUNCT	_	36 ness	punct
36	ness	ness	NOUN	Number=Sing	25 used	obl
37	in	in	ADP	_	39 kindness	case
38	«	«	PUNCT	_	39 kindness	punct
39	kindness	kindness	NOUN	Number=Sing	36 ness	nmod
40	»	»	PUNCT	_	39 kindness	punct
41	or	or	CCONJ	_	43 ed	cc
42	-	-	PUNCT	_	41 or	punct
43	ed	ed	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 kindness	conj
44	in	in	SCONJ	_	46 jumped	mark
45	«	«	PUNCT	_	46 jumped	punct
46	jumped	jump	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	43 ed	acl:relcl
47	»	»	PUNCT	_	46 jumped	punct
48	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 group	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	a suffix	a group		of letters	tree rules
2	add speech: assert	participle		letters not said here	to the end of a word		vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to end=Co-Patient
3	make	to-infinitive		a new word			vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset word=Product
4	change	infinitive					tree rules
5	use	present · passive		suffix		ness in kindness or ed obl	vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
6	jump in a quote	past	ed not said here				vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

In maths and computing, a suffix can be letters or a number added to the end of a name or code.

The tree, 21 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 maths	case
2	maths	math	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 letters	obl
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 computing	cc
4	computing	computing	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 maths	conj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 maths	punct
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 suffix	det
7	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 letters	nsubj
8	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	10 letters	aux
9	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	10 letters	cop
10	letters	letter	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
11	or	or	CCONJ	_	13 number	cc
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 number	det
13	number	number	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 letters	conj
14	added	add	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 number	acl
15	to	to	ADP	_	17 end	case
16	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 end	det
17	end	end	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 added	obl
18	of	of	ADP	_	20 name	case
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 name	det
20	name	name	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 end	nmod
21	or	or	CCONJ	_	22 code	cc
22	code	code	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 name	conj
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	10 letters	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	can	a suffix	letters or a number		maths and computing			tree rules
2	add speech: assert	participle		a number not said here			to the end of a name or code		vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to end=Co-Patient

Example 1

Add the suffix -ful to «help» to make «helpful».

The tree, 9 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Add	add	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 ful	det
3	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 ful	compound
4	-	-	PUNCT	_	3 suffix	punct
5	ful	ful	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Add	obj
6	to	to	PART	_	8 help	mark
7	«	«	PUNCT	_	8 help	punct
8	help	help	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	1 Add	advcl
9	»	»	PUNCT	_	8 help	punct
10	to	to	PART	_	11 make	mark
11	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 help	xcomp
12	«	«	PUNCT	_	13 helpful	punct
13	helpful	helpful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	11 make	xcomp
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	13 helpful	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Add	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	add speech: assert	imperative	you not said here	the suffix ful		vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ful=Patient
2	help in a quote	to-infinitive	you not said here			vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
3	make	to-infinitive	you not said here		helpful property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

Example 2

«-ly» is a suffix that turns «quick» into «quickly».

The tree, 9 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	«	«	PUNCT	_	3 ly	punct
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	3 ly	punct
3	ly	ly	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 suffix	nsubj
4	»	»	PUNCT	_	3 ly	punct
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 suffix	cop
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 suffix	det
7	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 turns	nsubj
9	turns	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 suffix	acl:relcl
10	«	«	PUNCT	_	11 quick	punct
11	quick	quick	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 turns	xcomp
12	»	»	PUNCT	_	11 quick	punct
13	into	into	ADP	_	15 quickly	case
14	«	«	PUNCT	_	15 quickly	punct
15	quickly	quickly	ADV	_	9 turns	advmod
16	»	»	PUNCT	_	15 quickly	punct
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 suffix	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	ly	a suffix					tree rules
2	turn	present	a suffix					quick, quickly property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme

Example 3

The suffix -less means «without», as in «homeless».

The tree, 8 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 suffix	det
2	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 means	nsubj
3	-	-	PUNCT	_	4 less	punct
4	less	less	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	2 suffix	nmod
5	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	«	«	PUNCT	_	7 without	punct
7	without	without	ADP	_	5 means	obj
8	»	»	PUNCT	_	7 without	punct
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 homeless	punct
10	as	as	SCONJ	_	13 homeless	mark
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 homeless	case
12	«	«	PUNCT	_	13 homeless	punct
13	homeless	homeless	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 means	parataxis
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	13 homeless	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	the suffix less						tree rules

Example 4

Underline the suffix in «enjoyment».

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Underline	underline	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 suffix	det
3	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Underline	obj
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 enjoyment	case
5	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 enjoyment	punct
6	enjoyment	enjoyment	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Underline	obl
7	»	»	PUNCT	_	6 enjoyment	punct
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Underline	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	underline	imperative	you not said here	the suffix		enjoyment			vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent suffix=Theme in enjoyment=Destination

Example 5

Adding -ing to «swim» doubles the m.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Adding	add	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 doubles	csubj
2	-	-	PUNCT	_	3 ing	punct
3	ing	ing	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Adding	obj
4	to	to	PART	_	6 swim	mark
5	«	«	PUNCT	_	6 swim	punct
6	swim	swim	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 ing	acl
7	»	»	PUNCT	_	3 ing	punct
8	doubles	double	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 m.	det
10	m.	m.	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 doubles	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	add speech: assert	gerund		ing	vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ing=Patient
2	swim in a quote	to-infinitive		ing not said here	vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	double	present	Adding	the m.	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent m.=Patient

Example 6

The suffix -er can mean «a person who does it», as in «teacher».

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 er	det
2	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 er	compound
3	-	-	PUNCT	_	2 suffix	punct
4	er	er	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 mean	nsubj
5	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	6 mean	aux
6	mean	mean	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
7	«	«	PUNCT	_	9 person	punct
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 person	det
9	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 mean	obj
10	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 does	nsubj
11	does	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 person	acl:relcl
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 does	obj
13	»	»	PUNCT	_	9 person	punct
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 teacher	punct
15	as	as	ADP	_	18 teacher	case
16	in	in	ADP	_	18 teacher	case
17	«	«	PUNCT	_	18 teacher	punct
18	teacher	teacher	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 mean	parataxis
19	»	»	PUNCT	_	18 teacher	punct
20	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	can	the suffix er	a person					tree rules
2	do in a quote	present	a person	person					vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Eventuality

Example 7

When you add the suffix -ness to «happy», y changes to i.

The tree, 12 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	When	when	SCONJ	_	3 add	mark
2	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	3 add	nsubj
3	add	add	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 changes	advcl
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 ness	det
5	suffix	suffix	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 ness	compound
6	-	-	PUNCT	_	5 suffix	punct
7	ness	ness	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 add	obj
8	to	to	PART	_	3 add	xcomp
9	«	«	PUNCT	_	10 happy	punct
10	happy	happy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 to	parataxis
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	10 happy	punct
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 add	punct
13	y	y	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	14 changes	nsubj
14	changes	change	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
15	to	to	ADP	_	16 i.	case
16	i.	i.	X	Foreign=Yes	14 changes	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	add speech: assert	present	you	the suffix ness					vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ness=Patient
2	change	present	y	i.					vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i.=Patient

Example 8

Some words have two suffixes, like «care-ful-ly».

The tree, 9 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Some	some	DET	PronType=Ind	2 words	det
2	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	nsubj
3	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 suffixes	nummod
5	suffixes	suffix	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 have	obj
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 ly	punct
7	like	like	SCONJ	_	13 ly	mark
8	«	«	PUNCT	_	13 ly	punct
9	care	care	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 ly	nsubj
10	-	-	PUNCT	_	9 care	punct
11	ful	ful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 ly	amod
12	-	-	PUNCT	_	11 ful	punct
13	ly	ly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 have	parataxis
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	13 ly	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	some words	two suffixes					tree rules

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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