surge Who acts: surge, energy, power surge, that, crowd, storm surge · What happens: be, surge, rise, damage, flood, feel · To what, where: sudden strong rush, sudden increase, sudden jump, electricity, machines, huge wave
«surge» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: surge in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A surge is a sudden, strong rush forward of water, people or something else.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj cop det amod punct amod advmod case nmod punct nmod cc conj advmod punct root A DET surge NOUN is AUX a DET sudden ADJ , PUNCT strong ADJ rush NOUN forward ADV of ADP water NOUN , PUNCT people NOUN or CCONJ something PRON else ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 surge det 2 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 8 rush nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 rush cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 rush det 5 sudden sudden ADJ Degree=Pos 8 rush amod 6 , , PUNCT _ 5 sudden punct 7 strong strong ADJ Degree=Pos 8 rush amod 8 rush rush NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 forward forward ADV _ 8 rush advmod 10 of of ADP _ 11 water case 11 water water NOUN Number=Sing 8 rush nmod 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 people punct 13 people people NOUN Number=Plur 8 rush nmod 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 something cc 15 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 13 people conj 16 else else ADV _ 15 something advmod 17 . . PUNCT _ 8 rush punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a surge a sudden strong rush of water; people nmod ; forward property tree rules
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A surge is a sudden increase, like a surge of energy or a surge in prices.
The tree, 16 words det nsubj cop det amod punct case det appos case nmod cc det conj case nmod punct root A DET surge NOUN is AUX a DET sudden ADJ increase NOUN , PUNCT like ADP a DET surge NOUN of ADP energy NOUN or CCONJ a DET surge NOUN in ADP prices NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 surge det 2 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 6 increase nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 increase cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 increase det 5 sudden sudden ADJ Degree=Pos 6 increase amod 6 increase increase NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 , , PUNCT _ 10 surge punct 8 like like ADP _ 10 surge case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 surge det 10 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 6 increase appos 11 of of ADP _ 12 energy case 12 energy energy NOUN Number=Sing 10 surge nmod 13 or or CCONJ _ 15 surge cc 14 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 surge det 15 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 6 increase conj 16 in in ADP _ 17 prices case 17 prices price NOUN Number=Plur 15 surge nmod 18 . . PUNCT _ 6 increase punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a surge a sudden increase or a surge in prices tree rules 2 surge energy nom surge «event intransitive»: of=agent
Meaning 3 To surge is to move forward or rise suddenly and powerfully.
mark csubj cop mark advmod cc conj advmod cc conj punct root To PART surge VERB is AUX to PART move VERB forward ADV or CCONJ rise VERB suddenly ADV and CCONJ powerfully ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 surge mark 2 surge surge VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 move csubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 move cop 4 to to PART _ 5 move mark 5 move move VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 6 forward forward ADV _ 5 move advmod 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 rise cc 8 rise rise VERB VerbForm=Inf 5 move conj 9 suddenly suddenly ADV _ 8 rise advmod 10 and and CCONJ _ 11 powerfully cc 11 powerfully powerfully ADV _ 9 suddenly conj 12 . . PUNCT _ 5 move punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 surge to-infinitive vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 is present forward, move property tree rules 3 rise infinitive suddenly property vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Meaning 4 A power surge is a sudden jump in electricity that can damage machines.
det compound nsubj cop det amod case nmod nsubj aux parataxis obj punct root A DET power NOUN surge NOUN is AUX a DET sudden ADJ jump NOUN in ADP electricity NOUN that PRON can AUX damage VERB machines NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 surge det 2 power power NOUN Number=Sing 3 surge compound 3 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 7 jump nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 jump cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 jump det 6 sudden sudden ADJ Degree=Pos 7 jump amod 7 jump jump NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 in in ADP _ 9 electricity case 9 electricity electricity NOUN Number=Sing 7 jump nmod 10 that that PRON PronType=Rel 12 damage nsubj 11 can can AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 damage aux 12 damage damage VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 jump parataxis 13 machines machine NOUN Number=Plur 12 damage obj 14 . . PUNCT _ 7 jump punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a power surge a sudden jump electricity tree rules 2 damage can that machines vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent machine=Patient
Example 1 The crowd surged towards the stage.
det nsubj case det obl punct root The DET crowd NOUN surged VERB towards ADP the DET stage NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 crowd det 2 crowd crowd NOUN Number=Sing 3 surged nsubj 3 surged surge VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 towards towards ADP _ 6 stage case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 stage det 6 stage stage NOUN Number=Sing 3 surged obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 surged punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 surge past the crowd towards the stage vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 A huge wave surged over the wall.
det amod acl case det obl punct root A DET huge ADJ wave NOUN surged VERB over ADP the DET wall NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 wave det 2 huge huge ADJ Degree=Pos 3 wave amod 3 wave wave NOUN Number=Sing root root 4 surged surge VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 wave acl 5 over over ADP _ 7 wall case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 wall det 7 wall wall NOUN Number=Sing 4 surged obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 wave punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 surge participle a huge wave not said here the wall vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over wall=Location
Example 3 The storm surge flooded the streets by the sea.
det compound nsubj det obj case det obl punct root The DET storm NOUN surge NOUN flooded VERB the DET streets NOUN by ADP the DET sea NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 surge det 2 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 3 surge compound 3 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 4 flooded nsubj 4 flooded flood VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 streets det 6 streets street NOUN Number=Plur 4 flooded obj 7 by by ADP _ 9 sea case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 sea det 9 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 4 flooded obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 flooded punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 flood past the storm surge the streets by the sea vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent street=Patient
Example 4 She felt a surge of excitement.
nsubj det obj case nmod punct root She PRON felt VERB a DET surge NOUN of ADP excitement NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 felt nsubj 2 felt feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 surge det 4 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 2 felt obj 5 of of ADP _ 6 excitement case 6 excitement excitement NOUN Number=Sing 4 surge nmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 felt punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 feel past She a surge of excitement vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent surge=Theme 2 surge excitement nom surge «event intransitive»: of=agent
Example 5 There was a surge in visitors at the zoo in the holidays.
expl det nsubj case nmod case det nmod case det nmod punct root There PRON was VERB a DET surge NOUN in ADP visitors NOUN at ADP the DET zoo NOUN in ADP the DET holidays NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 There there PRON PronType=Dem 2 was expl 2 was be VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 surge det 4 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 2 was nsubj 5 in in ADP _ 6 visitors case 6 visitors visitor NOUN Number=Plur 4 surge nmod 7 at at ADP _ 9 zoo case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 zoo det 9 zoo zoo NOUN Number=Sing 6 visitors nmod 10 in in ADP _ 12 holidays case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 12 holidays det 12 holidays holiday NOUN Number=Plur 9 zoo nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 2 was punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 be past a surge in visitors at the zoo in the holidays there vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 6 A power surge broke our television.
det compound nsubj nmod:poss obj punct root A DET power NOUN surge NOUN broke VERB our PRON television NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 surge det 2 power power NOUN Number=Sing 3 surge compound 3 surge surge NOUN Number=Sing 4 broke nsubj 4 broke break VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 television nmod:poss 6 television television NOUN Number=Sing 4 broke obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 broke punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 break past a power surge our television vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer television=Patient 2 televise our nom television «communication transitive»: poss=agent
Example 7 The river surged after the heavy rain.
det nsubj case det amod obl punct root The DET river NOUN surged VERB after ADP the DET heavy ADJ rain NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 river det 2 river river NOUN Number=Sing 3 surged nsubj 3 surged surge VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 after after ADP _ 7 rain case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 rain det 6 heavy heavy ADJ Degree=Pos 7 rain amod 7 rain rain NOUN Number=Sing 3 surged obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 surged punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 surge past the river after the heavy rain vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 8 Our team surged ahead in the second half.
nmod:poss nsubj advmod case det amod obl punct root Our PRON team NOUN surged VERB ahead ADV in ADP the DET second ADJ half NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 team nmod:poss 2 team team NOUN Number=Sing 3 surged nsubj 3 surged surge VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 ahead ahead ADV _ 3 surged advmod 5 in in ADP _ 8 half case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 half det 7 second second ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 8 half amod 8 half half NOUN Number=Sing NumForm=Word NumType=Frac 3 surged obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 surged punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 surge past Our team the second half ahead property vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in half=Location
Example 9 From those dark-green surges there gaped at him monstrous and cavernous jaws; and round, wicked, red-rimmed, bulging eyes stared fixedly at the boat.
The tree, 25 words case det amod punct amod obl advmod case obl amod cc conj obj punct cc advmod punct nsubj punct compound punct conj punct conj obj parataxis advmod case det obl punct root From ADP those DET dark ADJ - PUNCT green ADJ surges NOUN there ADV gaped VERB at ADP him PRON monstrous ADJ and CCONJ cavernous ADJ jaws NOUN ; PUNCT and CCONJ round ADV , PUNCT wicked ADJ , PUNCT red ADJ - PUNCT rimmed VERB , PUNCT bulging VERB eyes NOUN stared VERB fixedly ADV at ADP the DET boat NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 From from ADP _ 6 surges case 2 those that DET Number=Plur PronType=Dem 6 surges det 3 dark dark ADJ Degree=Pos 5 green amod 4 - - PUNCT _ 3 dark punct 5 green green ADJ Degree=Pos 6 surges amod 6 surges surge NOUN Number=Plur 8 gaped obl 7 there there ADV PronType=Dem 8 gaped advmod 8 gaped gape VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 at at ADP _ 10 him case 10 him he PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 gaped obl 11 monstrous monstrous ADJ Degree=Pos 14 jaws amod 12 and and CCONJ _ 13 cavernous cc 13 cavernous cavernous ADJ Degree=Pos 11 monstrous conj 14 jaws jaw NOUN Number=Plur 8 gaped obj 15 ; ; PUNCT _ 19 wicked punct 16 and and CCONJ _ 19 wicked cc 17 round round ADV _ 19 wicked advmod 18 , , PUNCT _ 19 wicked punct 19 wicked wicked ADJ Degree=Pos 27 stared nsubj 20 , , PUNCT _ 23 rimmed punct 21 red red ADJ Degree=Pos 23 rimmed compound 22 - - PUNCT _ 21 red punct 23 rimmed rim VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 19 wicked conj 24 , , PUNCT _ 25 bulging punct 25 bulging bulge VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 27 stared conj 26 eyes eye NOUN Number=Plur 25 bulging obj 27 stared stare VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 gaped parataxis 28 fixedly fixedly ADV _ 27 stared advmod 29 at at ADP _ 31 boat case 30 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 31 boat det 31 boat boat NOUN Number=Sing 27 stared obl 32 . . PUNCT _ 8 gaped punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 gape past monstrous jaws that green surges; there at him = he vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent jaw=Theme 2 rim participle wicked not said here vn contiguous_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme 3 bulge gerund wicked not said here eyes vn entity_specific_modes_being-47.2 «NP.location V NP»: agent=Location eye=Theme 4 stare past wicked at the boat; fixedly property vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at boat=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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