thorny

Who acts: rose bush, thorny hedge, Blackberries, Deciding, formal council, prince · What happens: have, point, cause, be, keep in, grow · To what, where: arguments, sheep, thorny brambles, holiday, thorny question, thorny issue · Speech: someone speaks here

«thorny» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: thorny in the school dictionary.

Meaning 1

Having thorns — sharp, pointed parts on a stem or branch.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Having	have	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 thorns	amod
2	thorns	thorn	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
3	—	-	PUNCT	_	7 parts	punct
4	sharp	sharp	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 parts	amod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 sharp	punct
6	pointed	point	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 parts	amod
7	parts	part	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 thorns	conj
8	on	on	ADP	_	10 stem	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 stem	det
10	stem	stem	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 parts	nmod
11	or	or	CCONJ	_	12 branch	cc
12	branch	branch	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 stem	conj
13	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 thorns	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	gerund							vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	point	participle							vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Meaning 2

Difficult, complicated and likely to cause arguments: «a thorny problem».

The tree, 10 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Difficult	difficult	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 problem	amod
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 complicated	punct
3	complicated	complicated	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Difficult	conj
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 likely	cc
5	likely	likely	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Difficult	conj
6	to	to	PART	_	7 cause	mark
7	cause	cause	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 likely	xcomp
8	arguments	argument	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 cause	obj
9	:	:	PUNCT	_	13 problem	punct
10	«	«	PUNCT	_	13 problem	punct
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 problem	det
12	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 problem	amod
13	problem	problem	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
14	»	»	PUNCT	_	13 problem	punct
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 problem	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cause	to-infinitive		arguments					vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition argument=Patient

Example 1

Be careful — the rose bush is thorny.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	2 careful	cop
2	careful	careful	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 thorny	csubj
3	—	-	PUNCT	_	8 thorny	punct
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 bush	det
5	rose	rose	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 bush	compound
6	bush	bush	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 thorny	nsubj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 thorny	cop
8	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 thorny	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	infinitive						careful property	tree rules
2	is	present	the rose bush					thorny property	tree rules

Example 2

The thorny hedge kept the sheep in.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 hedge	det
2	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 hedge	amod
3	hedge	hedge	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 kept	nsubj
4	kept	keep	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 sheep	det
6	sheep	sheep	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 kept	obj
7	in	in	ADP	_	4 kept	compound:prt
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 kept	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	keep in	past	the thorny hedge	the sheep					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sheep=Theme

Example 3

Blackberries grow on thorny brambles.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Blackberries	blackberry	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 grow	nsubj
2	grow	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	on	on	ADP	_	5 brambles	case
4	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 brambles	amod
5	brambles	bramble	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 grow	obl
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 grow	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	present	Blackberries			thorny brambles			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on bramble=Location

Example 4

Deciding where to go on holiday was a thorny question.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Deciding	decide	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	10 question	csubj
2	where	where	ADV	PronType=Rel	4 go	advmod
3	to	to	PART	_	4 go	mark
4	go	go	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	1 Deciding	ccomp
5	on	on	ADP	_	6 holiday	case
6	holiday	holiday	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 go	obl
7	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	10 question	cop
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 question	det
9	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 question	amod
10	question	question	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
11	.	.	PUNCT	_	10 question	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	decide	gerund				vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	go not said to happen	to-infinitive			holiday	vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on holiday=Location
3	be speech: other	past	Deciding	a thorny question		tree rules

Example 5

(formal) The council discussed the thorny issue of parking.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	2 formal	punct
2	formal	formal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 council	amod
3	)	)	PUNCT	_	2 formal	punct
4	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 council	det
5	council	council	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 discussed	nsubj
6	discussed	discuss	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 issue	det
8	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 issue	amod
9	issue	issue	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 discussed	obj
10	of	of	ADP	_	11 parking	case
11	parking	parking	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 issue	nmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 discussed	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	discuss speech: other	past	the formal council	the thorny issue of parking					vn chit_chat-37.6-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent issue=Topic
2	issue			parking					nom issue «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Example 6

The prince cut his way through the thorny forest.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 prince	det
2	prince	prince	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cut	nsubj
3	cut	cut	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 way	nmod:poss
5	way	way	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cut	obj
6	through	through	ADP	_	9 forest	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 forest	det
8	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 forest	amod
9	forest	forest	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cut	obl
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 cut	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cut	past	the prince	prince's way		the thorny forest			vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent way=Product

Example 7

Cacti have thorny spines to protect them.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cacti	cactus	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	nsubj
2	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 spines	amod
4	spines	spine	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 have	obj
5	to	to	PART	_	6 protect	mark
6	protect	protect	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 have	advcl
7	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 protect	obj
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 have	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	Cacti	thorny spines					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spine=Patient
2	protect	to-infinitive	Cacti not said here	spines = spine					vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Beneficiary

Example 8

The thorny creeping plants tore her sandals, but for all that she came rapidly forward.

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 plants	det
2	thorny	thorny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 plants	amod
3	creeping	creep	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	4 plants	amod
4	plants	plant	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 tore	nsubj
5	tore	tore	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	her	her	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	7 sandals	nmod:poss
7	sandals	sandal	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 tore	obj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 came	punct
9	but	but	CCONJ	_	14 came	cc
10	for	for	ADP	_	11 all	case
11	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	14 came	advmod
12	that	that	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	11 all	obj
13	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 came	nsubj
14	came	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 tore	conj
15	rapidly	rapidly	ADV	_	16 forward	advmod
16	forward	forward	ADV	_	14 came	advmod
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 tore	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	creep	gerund				vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	tore	past	the thorny creeping plants	her sandals		tree rules
3	come	past	she		forward property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/T/thorny/