throw Who acts: throwing, you, She, He, question, I · What happens: send, put, move, confuse, throw, act · To what, where: something, air, body, ball, coat, bed · Speech: someone speaks here
«throw» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: throw in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 To send something through the air with your arm.
mark obj case det obl case nmod:poss obl punct root To PART send VERB something PRON through ADP the DET air NOUN with ADP your PRON arm NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 send mark 2 send send VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 send obj 4 through through ADP _ 6 air case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 air det 6 air air NOUN Number=Sing 2 send obl 7 with with ADP _ 9 arm case 8 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 9 arm nmod:poss 9 arm arm NOUN Number=Sing 2 send obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 2 send punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 send to-infinitive something the air with your arm vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"Throw the ball."
punct det obj punct punct root " PUNCT Throw VERB the DET ball NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 2 Throw punct 2 Throw throw VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 ball det 4 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 2 Throw obj 5 . . PUNCT _ 2 Throw punct 6 " " PUNCT _ 2 Throw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw in a quote imperative you not said here the ball vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ball=Theme
Meaning 2 To put something somewhere quickly or carelessly.
mark obj advmod advmod cc conj punct root To PART put VERB something PRON somewhere ADV quickly ADV or CCONJ carelessly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 put mark 2 put put VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 something something PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 2 put obj 4 somewhere somewhere ADV PronType=Ind 2 put advmod 5 quickly quickly ADV _ 2 put advmod 6 or or CCONJ _ 7 carelessly cc 7 carelessly carelessly ADV _ 5 quickly conj 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 put punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 put to-infinitive something quickly, somewhere property vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent something=Goal
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"She threw her coat on the bed."
punct nsubj nmod:poss obj case det obl punct punct root " PUNCT She PRON threw VERB her PRON coat NOUN on ADP the DET bed NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 3 threw punct 2 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 threw nsubj 3 threw throw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 5 coat nmod:poss 5 coat coat NOUN Number=Sing 3 threw obj 6 on on ADP _ 8 bed case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 bed det 8 bed bed NOUN Number=Sing 3 threw obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 threw punct 10 " " PUNCT _ 3 threw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw in a quote past She her coat the bed vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent coat=Theme on bed=Destination
Meaning 3 To move your body suddenly.
mark nmod:poss obj advmod punct root To PART move VERB your PRON body NOUN suddenly ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 move mark 2 move move VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 body nmod:poss 4 body body NOUN Number=Sing 2 move obj 5 suddenly suddenly ADV _ 2 move advmod 6 . . PUNCT _ 2 move punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 move to-infinitive your body suddenly property vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent body=Theme
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"He threw himself on the sofa."
punct nsubj obj case det obl punct punct root " PUNCT He PRON threw VERB himself PRON on ADP the DET sofa NOUN . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 3 threw punct 2 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 3 threw nsubj 3 threw throw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 himself himself PRON Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes 3 threw obj 5 on on ADP _ 7 sofa case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 sofa det 7 sofa sofa NOUN Number=Sing 3 threw obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 threw punct 9 " " PUNCT _ 3 threw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw in a quote past He himself = he the sofa vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent himself=Theme on sofa=Destination
Meaning 4 To confuse.
mark punct root To PART confuse VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 To to PART _ 2 confuse mark 2 confuse confuse VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 3 . . PUNCT _ 2 confuse punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 confuse to-infinitive vn amalgamate-22.2-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"The question threw me."
punct det nsubj obj punct punct root " PUNCT The DET question NOUN threw VERB me PRON . PUNCT " PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 threw punct 2 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 question det 3 question question NOUN Number=Sing 4 threw nsubj 4 threw throw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 4 threw obj 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 threw punct 7 " " PUNCT _ 4 threw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw in a quote past the question me vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme
Meaning 5 As a noun, an act of throwing, or a turn at throwing.
The tree, 12 words case det obl punct det case nmod punct cc det appos case nmod punct root As ADP a DET noun NOUN , PUNCT an DET act NOUN of ADP throwing NOUN , PUNCT or CCONJ a DET turn NOUN at ADP throwing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 As as ADP _ 3 noun case 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 3 noun det 3 noun noun NOUN Number=Sing 6 act obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 noun punct 5 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 act det 6 act act NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 of of ADP _ 8 throwing case 8 throwing throwing NOUN Number=Sing 6 act nmod 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 turn punct 10 or or CCONJ _ 12 turn cc 11 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 turn det 12 turn turn NOUN Number=Sing 6 act appos 13 at at ADP _ 14 throwing case 14 throwing throw VERB VerbForm=Ger 12 turn nmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 6 act punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw gerund vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer 2 act throwing nom act «communication intransitive»: of=agent
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:
"a good throw".
punct det amod punct punct root " PUNCT a DET good ADJ throw NOUN " PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 " " PUNCT _ 4 throw punct 2 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 throw det 3 good good ADJ Degree=Pos 4 throw amod 4 throw throw NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 " " PUNCT _ 4 throw punct 6 . . PUNCT _ 4 throw punct
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.
Example 1 Throw the ball to me.
det obj case obl punct root Throw VERB the DET ball NOUN to ADP me PRON . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Throw throw VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 ball det 3 ball ball NOUN Number=Sing 1 Throw obj 4 to to ADP _ 5 me case 5 me I PRON Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 1 Throw obl 6 . . PUNCT _ 1 Throw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw imperative you not said here the ball me vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent ball=Theme to i=Destination
Example 2 He threw the stone into the lake.
nsubj det obj case det obl punct root He PRON threw VERB the DET stone NOUN into ADP the DET lake NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 He he PRON Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 threw nsubj 2 threw throw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 stone det 4 stone stone NOUN Number=Sing 2 threw obj 5 into into ADP _ 7 lake case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 lake det 7 lake lake NOUN Number=Sing 2 threw obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 threw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw past He the stone into the lake result vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Causer stone=Theme into lake=Result
Example 3 Throw your rubbish in the bin.
nmod:poss obj case det obl punct root Throw VERB your PRON rubbish NOUN in ADP the DET bin NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Throw throw VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 2 your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 rubbish nmod:poss 3 rubbish rubbish NOUN Number=Sing 1 Throw obj 4 in in ADP _ 6 bin case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 bin det 6 bin bin NOUN Number=Sing 1 Throw obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 1 Throw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw imperative you not said here your rubbish the bin vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent rubbish=Theme in bin=Destination
Example 4 Don't throw sand at people.
aux advmod obj case obl punct root Do AUX n't PART throw VERB sand NOUN at ADP people NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Do do AUX Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin 3 throw aux 2 n't not PART Polarity=Neg 3 throw advmod 3 throw throw VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 4 sand sand NOUN Number=Sing 3 throw obj 5 at at ADP _ 6 people case 6 people people NOUN Number=Plur 3 throw obl 7 . . PUNCT _ 3 throw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 not throw imperative · do-support you not said here sand at people vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent sand=Theme at people=Destination
Example 5 She threw a party for her birthday.
nsubj det obj case nmod:poss obl punct root She PRON threw VERB a DET party NOUN for ADP her PRON birthday NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 She she PRON Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 2 threw nsubj 2 threw throw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 party det 4 party party NOUN Number=Sing 2 threw obj 5 for for ADP _ 7 birthday case 6 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 birthday nmod:poss 7 birthday birthday NOUN Number=Sing 2 threw obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 threw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw past She a party for her birthday vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent party=Theme
Example 6 I felt sick and threw up.
nsubj xcomp cc conj compound:prt punct root I PRON felt VERB sick ADJ and CCONJ threw VERB up ADP . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 2 felt nsubj 2 felt feel VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 sick sick ADJ Degree=Pos 2 felt xcomp 4 and and CCONJ _ 5 threw cc 5 threw throw VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 2 felt conj 6 up up ADP _ 5 threw compound:prt 7 . . PUNCT _ 2 felt punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 feel past I sick property vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus 2 throw up past I not said here vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 That was a great throw!
nsubj cop det amod punct root That PRON was AUX a DET great ADJ throw NOUN ! PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 That that PRON Number=Sing PronType=Dem 5 throw nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 5 throw cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 throw det 4 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 5 throw amod 5 throw throw NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 ! ! PUNCT _ 5 throw punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past That a great throw tree rules
Example 8 The dice was thrown three times.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass nummod obl:unmarked punct root The DET dice NOUN was AUX thrown VERB three NUM times NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 dice det 2 dice dice NOUN Number=Sing 4 thrown nsubj:pass 3 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 thrown aux:pass 4 thrown throw VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 three three NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 times nummod 6 times time NOUN Number=Plur 4 thrown obl:unmarked 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 thrown punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw past · passive the dice time vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
Example 9 ‘Throw out the stones,’ said Maie.
punct ccomp compound:prt det obj punct punct nsubj punct root ‘ PUNCT Throw VERB out ADP the DET stones NOUN , PUNCT ’ PUNCT said VERB Maie PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ‘ ' PUNCT _ 2 Throw punct 2 Throw throw VERB VerbForm=Inf 8 said ccomp 3 out out ADP _ 2 Throw compound:prt 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 stones det 5 stones stone NOUN Number=Plur 2 Throw obj 6 , , PUNCT _ 2 Throw punct 7 ’ ' PUNCT _ 2 Throw punct 8 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 9 Maie Maie PROPN Number=Sing 8 said nsubj 10 . . PUNCT _ 8 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 throw out infinitive the stones vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Theme 2 say speech: assert past Maie vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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