tuff Who acts: Tuff, playful spelling, volcanic ash, rock kit, guide, new trainers · What happens: be, make, press, stick together, use, mean · To what, where: light, rough rock, volcanic ash, playful spelling, tuff, rock · Speech: someone speaks here
«tuff» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: tuff in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 Tuff is a light, rough rock made from volcanic ash that has been pressed and stuck together over time.
The tree, 19 words nsubj cop det punct amod conj acl case amod obl nsubj:pass aux aux:pass acl:relcl cc conj advmod case obl punct root Tuff NOUN is AUX a DET light NOUN , PUNCT rough ADJ rock NOUN made VERB from ADP volcanic ADJ ash NOUN that PRON has AUX been AUX pressed VERB and CCONJ stuck VERB together ADV over ADP time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 4 light nsubj 2 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 light cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 light det 4 light light NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 , , PUNCT _ 7 rock punct 6 rough rough ADJ Degree=Pos 7 rock amod 7 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 4 light conj 8 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 7 rock acl 9 from from ADP _ 11 ash case 10 volcanic volcanic ADJ Degree=Pos 11 ash amod 11 ash ash NOUN Number=Sing 8 made obl 12 that that PRON PronType=Rel 15 pressed nsubj:pass 13 has have AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 15 pressed aux 14 been be AUX Tense=Past VerbForm=Part 15 pressed aux:pass 15 pressed press VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 11 ash acl:relcl 16 and and CCONJ _ 17 stuck cc 17 stuck stick VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 15 pressed conj 18 together together ADV _ 17 stuck advmod 19 over over ADP _ 20 time case 20 time time NOUN Number=Sing 17 stuck obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 4 light punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Tuff a light and rough rock tree rules 2 make participle rough rock not said here volcanic ash vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from ash=Material 3 press present · perfect · passive volcanic ash vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme 4 stick together participle time together property vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 Usage: slang — kept apart, not parsed.
«Tuff» is a playful spelling of «tough», used online and by young people to mean cool, impressive or hard: «that's tuff».
The tree, 22 words punct nsubj punct cop det amod case punct nmod punct punct acl:relcl advmod cc case amod conj mark advcl xcomp punct conj cc conj punct punct det cop appos punct punct root « PUNCT Tuff NOUN » PUNCT is AUX a DET playful ADJ spelling NOUN of ADP « PUNCT tough ADJ » PUNCT , PUNCT used VERB online ADV and CCONJ by ADP young ADJ people NOUN to PART mean VERB cool ADJ , PUNCT impressive ADJ or CCONJ hard ADJ : PUNCT « PUNCT that DET 's AUX tuff NOUN » PUNCT . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 « « PUNCT _ 2 Tuff punct 2 Tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 7 spelling nsubj 3 » » PUNCT _ 2 Tuff punct 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 spelling cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 spelling det 6 playful playful ADJ Degree=Pos 7 spelling amod 7 spelling spelling NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 of of ADP _ 10 tough case 9 « « PUNCT _ 10 tough punct 10 tough tough ADJ Degree=Pos 7 spelling nmod 11 » » PUNCT _ 10 tough punct 12 , , PUNCT _ 13 used punct 13 used use VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 spelling acl:relcl 14 online online ADV _ 13 used advmod 15 and and CCONJ _ 18 people cc 16 by by ADP _ 18 people case 17 young young ADJ Degree=Pos 18 people amod 18 people people NOUN Number=Plur 13 used conj 19 to to PART _ 20 mean mark 20 mean mean VERB VerbForm=Inf 13 used advcl 21 cool cool ADJ Degree=Pos 20 mean xcomp 22 , , PUNCT _ 23 impressive punct 23 impressive impressive ADJ Degree=Pos 21 cool conj 24 or or CCONJ _ 25 hard cc 25 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 21 cool conj 26 : : PUNCT _ 30 tuff punct 27 « « PUNCT _ 30 tuff punct 28 that that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 30 tuff det 29 's be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 30 tuff cop 30 tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 7 spelling appos 31 » » PUNCT _ 30 tuff punct 32 . . PUNCT _ 7 spelling punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Tuff a playful spelling of tough tree rules 2 use past a playful spelling not said here online property vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 mean to-infinitive a playful spelling not said here cool property vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent 4 is a in a quote present that tuff tree rules
Example 1 Tuff forms when volcanic ash settles and hardens into rock.
nsubj mark amod nsubj advcl cc conj case obl punct root Tuff NOUN forms VERB when SCONJ volcanic ADJ ash NOUN settles VERB and CCONJ hardens VERB into ADP rock NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 2 forms nsubj 2 forms form VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 when when SCONJ _ 6 settles mark 4 volcanic volcanic ADJ Degree=Pos 5 ash amod 5 ash ash NOUN Number=Sing 6 settles nsubj 6 settles settle VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 2 forms advcl 7 and and CCONJ _ 8 hardens cc 8 hardens harden VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 settles conj 9 into into ADP _ 10 rock case 10 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 8 hardens obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 2 forms punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 form present Tuff vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 settle present volcanic ash vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 harden present volcanic ash not said here rock vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
Example 2 The famous Easter Island statues are carved from tuff.
det amod compound compound nsubj:pass aux:pass case obl punct root The DET famous ADJ Easter PROPN Island PROPN statues NOUN are AUX carved VERB from ADP tuff NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 statues det 2 famous famous ADJ Degree=Pos 5 statues amod 3 Easter Easter PROPN Number=Sing 4 Island compound 4 Island Island PROPN Number=Sing 5 statues compound 5 statues statue NOUN Number=Plur 7 carved nsubj:pass 6 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 carved aux:pass 7 carved carve VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 from from ADP _ 9 tuff case 9 tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 7 carved obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 7 carved punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 carve present · passive the famous Island statues tuff vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from tuff=Material
Example 3 Our rock kit has a piece of pale, crumbly tuff.
nmod:poss compound nsubj det obj case amod punct amod nmod punct root Our PRON rock NOUN kit NOUN has VERB a DET piece NOUN of ADP pale ADJ , PUNCT crumbly ADJ tuff NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 kit nmod:poss 2 rock rock NOUN Number=Sing 3 kit compound 3 kit kit NOUN Number=Sing 4 has nsubj 4 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 piece det 6 piece piece NOUN Number=Sing 4 has obj 7 of of ADP _ 11 tuff case 8 pale pale ADJ Degree=Pos 11 tuff amod 9 , , PUNCT _ 8 pale punct 10 crumbly crumbly ADJ Degree=Pos 11 tuff amod 11 tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 6 piece nmod 12 . . PUNCT _ 4 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Our rock kit a piece of pale crumbly tuff vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent piece=Patient
Example 4 Some old houses in Italy are built of tuff blocks.
det amod nsubj:pass case nmod aux:pass case compound obl punct root Some DET old ADJ houses NOUN in ADP Italy PROPN are AUX built VERB of ADP tuff NOUN blocks NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 3 houses det 2 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 3 houses amod 3 houses house NOUN Number=Plur 7 built nsubj:pass 4 in in ADP _ 5 Italy case 5 Italy Italy PROPN Number=Sing 3 houses nmod 6 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 7 built aux:pass 7 built build VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 8 of of ADP _ 10 blocks case 9 tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 10 blocks compound 10 blocks block NOUN Number=Plur 7 built obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 7 built punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 build present · passive some old houses in Italy of tuff blocks vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
Example 5 The guide said the cliff was made of tuff from an eruption long ago.
The tree, 14 words det nsubj det nsubj:pass aux:pass ccomp case obl case det obl advmod advmod punct root The DET guide NOUN said VERB the DET cliff NOUN was AUX made VERB of ADP tuff NOUN from ADP an DET eruption NOUN long ADV ago ADV . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 guide det 2 guide guide NOUN Number=Sing 3 said nsubj 3 said say VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 cliff det 5 cliff cliff NOUN Number=Sing 7 made nsubj:pass 6 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 made aux:pass 7 made make VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 said ccomp 8 of of ADP _ 9 tuff case 9 tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 7 made obl 10 from from ADP _ 12 eruption case 11 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 eruption det 12 eruption eruption NOUN Number=Sing 7 made obl 13 long long ADV Degree=Pos 14 ago advmod 14 ago ago ADV _ 7 made advmod 15 . . PUNCT _ 3 said punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 say speech: assert past the guide vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic 2 make past · passive the cliff a eruption of tuff; ago property vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: subject=Product from eruption=Material
Example 6 (slang) «Your new trainers are tuff!»
punct punct punct nmod:poss amod nsubj cop appos punct punct root ( PUNCT slang NOUN ) PUNCT « PUNCT Your PRON new ADJ trainers NOUN are AUX tuff NOUN ! PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 slang punct 2 slang slang NOUN Number=Sing root root 3 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 slang punct 4 « « PUNCT _ 9 tuff punct 5 Your your PRON Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 trainers nmod:poss 6 new new ADJ Degree=Pos 7 trainers amod 7 trainers trainer NOUN Number=Plur 9 tuff nsubj 8 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 9 tuff cop 9 tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing 2 slang appos 10 ! ! PUNCT _ 9 tuff punct 11 » » PUNCT _ 9 tuff punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote present Your new trainers tuff tree rules
Example 7 (slang) «That level was tuff, I nearly gave up.»
The tree, 9 words punct nsubj punct punct det nsubj cop punct nsubj advmod acl:relcl compound:prt punct punct root ( PUNCT slang NOUN ) PUNCT « PUNCT That DET level NOUN was AUX tuff NOUN , PUNCT I PRON nearly ADV gave VERB up ADP . PUNCT » PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 ( ( PUNCT _ 2 slang punct 2 slang slang NOUN Number=Sing 8 tuff nsubj 3 ) ) PUNCT _ 2 slang punct 4 « « PUNCT _ 8 tuff punct 5 That that DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 6 level det 6 level level NOUN Number=Sing 8 tuff nsubj 7 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 tuff cop 8 tuff tuff NOUN Number=Sing root root 9 , , PUNCT _ 12 gave punct 10 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 12 gave nsubj 11 nearly nearly ADV _ 12 gave advmod 12 gave give VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 8 tuff acl:relcl 13 up up ADP _ 12 gave compound:prt 14 . . PUNCT _ 8 tuff punct 15 » » PUNCT _ 8 tuff punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a in a quote past slang tuff tree rules 2 give up in a quote past I tuff not said here nearly property vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tuff=Source
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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