turtle Who acts: turtle, back, many turtles, sea turtle, Turtles, Baby turtles · What happens: be, cover, live, use, lay, pull · To what, where: reptile, body, sea, turtle, American English, eggs · Speech: someone speaks here
«turtle» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: turtle in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A turtle is a reptile with a hard shell on its back that covers its body; many turtles live in the sea or in rivers and ponds.
The tree, 27 words det nsubj cop det case det amod nmod case nmod:poss nmod nsubj acl:relcl nmod:poss obj punct amod nsubj conj case det obl cc case conj cc conj punct root A DET turtle NOUN is AUX a DET reptile NOUN with ADP a DET hard ADJ shell NOUN on ADP its PRON back NOUN that PRON covers VERB its PRON body NOUN ; PUNCT many ADJ turtles NOUN live VERB in ADP the DET sea NOUN or CCONJ in ADP rivers NOUN and CCONJ ponds NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 turtle det 2 turtle turtle NOUN Number=Sing 5 reptile nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 reptile cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 reptile det 5 reptile reptile NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 with with ADP _ 9 shell case 7 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 shell det 8 hard hard ADJ Degree=Pos 9 shell amod 9 shell shell NOUN Number=Sing 5 reptile nmod 10 on on ADP _ 12 back case 11 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 12 back nmod:poss 12 back back NOUN Number=Sing 9 shell nmod 13 that that PRON PronType=Rel 14 covers nsubj 14 covers cover VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 12 back acl:relcl 15 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 16 body nmod:poss 16 body body NOUN Number=Sing 14 covers obj 17 ; ; PUNCT _ 20 live punct 18 many many ADJ Degree=Pos 19 turtles amod 19 turtles turtle NOUN Number=Plur 20 live nsubj 20 live live VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 reptile conj 21 in in ADP _ 23 sea case 22 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 23 sea det 23 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 20 live obl 24 or or CCONJ _ 26 rivers cc 25 in in ADP _ 26 rivers case 26 rivers river NOUN Number=Plur 23 sea conj 27 and and CCONJ _ 28 ponds cc 28 ponds pond NOUN Number=Plur 26 rivers conj 29 . . PUNCT _ 5 reptile punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a turtle a reptile with a hard shell on turtle's back tree rules 2 cover present turtle's back turtle's body vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme body=Destination 3 live present many turtles the sea or rivers and ponds vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in sea=Location
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 In American English, turtle is often used for any animal with this kind of shell, including tortoises.
The tree, 17 words case amod obl punct nsubj:pass aux:pass advmod case det obl case det obl case nmod punct case obl punct root In ADP American ADJ English PROPN , PUNCT turtle NOUN is AUX often ADV used VERB for ADP any DET animal NOUN with ADP this DET kind NOUN of ADP shell NOUN , PUNCT including ADP tortoises NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 In in ADP _ 3 English case 2 American American ADJ Degree=Pos 3 English amod 3 English English PROPN Number=Sing 8 used obl 4 , , PUNCT _ 3 English punct 5 turtle turtle NOUN Number=Sing 8 used nsubj:pass 6 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 used aux:pass 7 often often ADV _ 8 used advmod 8 used use VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 9 for for ADP _ 11 animal case 10 any any DET PronType=Ind 11 animal det 11 animal animal NOUN Number=Sing 8 used obl 12 with with ADP _ 14 kind case 13 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 14 kind det 14 kind kind NOUN Number=Sing 8 used obl 15 of of ADP _ 16 shell case 16 shell shell NOUN Number=Sing 14 kind nmod 17 , , PUNCT _ 19 tortoises punct 18 including including ADP _ 19 tortoises case 19 tortoises tortoise NOUN Number=Plur 8 used obl 20 . . PUNCT _ 8 used punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 use present · passive turtle American English for any animal; with this kind of shell; including tortoises; often property vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: subject=Theme for animal=Eventuality
Example 1 The sea turtle laid her eggs in the sand.
det compound nsubj nmod:poss obj case det obl punct root The DET sea NOUN turtle NOUN laid VERB her PRON eggs NOUN in ADP the DET sand NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 turtle det 2 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 3 turtle compound 3 turtle turtle NOUN Number=Sing 4 laid nsubj 4 laid lay VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 5 her her PRON Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 eggs nmod:poss 6 eggs egg NOUN Number=Plur 4 laid obj 7 in in ADP _ 9 sand case 8 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 9 sand det 9 sand sand NOUN Number=Sing 4 laid obl 10 . . PUNCT _ 4 laid punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 lay past the sea turtle turtle's eggs the sand vn put_spatial-9.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent egg=Theme in sand=Destination
Example 2 Turtles pull their heads into their shells.
nsubj nmod:poss obj case nmod:poss obl punct root Turtles NOUN pull VERB their PRON heads NOUN into ADP their PRON shells NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Turtles turtle NOUN Number=Plur 2 pull nsubj 2 pull pull VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 4 heads nmod:poss 4 heads head NOUN Number=Plur 2 pull obj 5 into into ADP _ 7 shells case 6 their their PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 7 shells nmod:poss 7 shells shell NOUN Number=Plur 2 pull obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 2 pull punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 pull present Turtles Turtles's heads Turtles's shells vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent head=Theme
Example 3 Baby turtles crawl to the sea at night.
compound nsubj case det obl case obl punct root Baby NOUN turtles NOUN crawl VERB to ADP the DET sea NOUN at ADP night NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Baby baby NOUN Number=Sing 2 turtles compound 2 turtles turtle NOUN Number=Plur 3 crawl nsubj 3 crawl crawl VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 to to ADP _ 6 sea case 5 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 6 sea det 6 sea sea NOUN Number=Sing 3 crawl obl 7 at at ADP _ 8 night case 8 night night NOUN Number=Sing 3 crawl obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 crawl punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 crawl present Baby turtles the sea night vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme to sea=Destination
Example 4 A turtle must come up to breathe air.
det nsubj aux advmod mark advcl obj punct root A DET turtle NOUN must AUX come VERB up ADV to PART breathe VERB air NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 turtle det 2 turtle turtle NOUN Number=Sing 4 come nsubj 3 must must AUX VerbForm=Fin 4 come aux 4 come come VERB VerbForm=Inf root root 5 up up ADV _ 4 come advmod 6 to to PART _ 7 breathe mark 7 breathe breathe VERB VerbForm=Inf 4 come advcl 8 air air NOUN Number=Sing 7 breathe obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 4 come punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 come up must a turtle vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme 2 breathe to-infinitive a turtle not said here air vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme
Example 5 Plastic in the ocean harms turtles.
nsubj case det nmod obj punct root Plastic NOUN in ADP the DET ocean NOUN harms VERB turtles NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Plastic plastic NOUN Number=Sing 5 harms nsubj 2 in in ADP _ 4 ocean case 3 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 4 ocean det 4 ocean ocean NOUN Number=Sing 1 Plastic nmod 5 harms harm VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 turtles turtle NOUN Number=Plur 5 harms obj 7 . . PUNCT _ 5 harms punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 harm present Plastic in the ocean turtles vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus turtle=Experiencer
Example 6 Our class pet is a turtle called Speedy.
nmod:poss compound nsubj cop det acl xcomp punct root Our PRON class NOUN pet NOUN is AUX a DET turtle NOUN called VERB Speedy PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 3 pet nmod:poss 2 class class NOUN Number=Sing 3 pet compound 3 pet pet NOUN Number=Sing 6 turtle nsubj 4 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 turtle cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 turtle det 6 turtle turtle NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 called call VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 6 turtle acl 8 Speedy Speedy PROPN Number=Sing 7 called xcomp 9 . . PUNCT _ 6 turtle punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present Our class pet a turtle tree rules 2 call participle a turtle not said here vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
Example 7 The boat turned turtle in the storm.
det nsubj obj case det obl punct root The DET boat NOUN turned VERB turtle NOUN in ADP the DET storm NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 boat det 2 boat boat NOUN Number=Sing 3 turned nsubj 3 turned turn VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 turtle turtle NOUN Number=Sing 3 turned obj 5 in in ADP _ 7 storm case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 storm det 7 storm storm NOUN Number=Sing 3 turned obl 8 . . PUNCT _ 3 turned punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 turn past the boat turtle in the storm vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent turtle=Patient in storm=Topic
Example 8 Turtles have no teeth but a sharp beak.
nsubj det obj cc det amod conj punct root Turtles NOUN have VERB no DET teeth NOUN but CCONJ a DET sharp ADJ beak NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Turtles turtle NOUN Number=Plur 2 have nsubj 2 have have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 3 no no DET PronType=Neg 4 teeth det 4 teeth tooth NOUN Number=Plur 2 have obj 5 but but CCONJ _ 8 beak cc 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 8 beak det 7 sharp sharp ADJ Degree=Pos 8 beak amod 8 beak beak NOUN Number=Sing 4 teeth conj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 have punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present Turtles no teeth but a sharp beak vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tooth=Patient
Example 9 The movement, gentle though it was, woke the turtle.
det nsubj punct amod case obl cop punct det obj punct root The DET movement NOUN , PUNCT gentle ADJ though ADP it PRON was AUX , PUNCT woke VERB the DET turtle NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 movement det 2 movement movement NOUN Number=Sing 9 woke nsubj 3 , , PUNCT _ 4 gentle punct 4 gentle gentle ADJ Degree=Pos 2 movement amod 5 though though ADP _ 6 it case 6 it it PRON Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs 4 gentle obl 7 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 9 woke cop 8 , , PUNCT _ 9 woke punct 9 woke wake VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 10 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 11 turtle det 11 turtle turtle NOUN Number=Sing 9 woke obj 12 . . PUNCT _ 9 woke punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is past the movement wake property tree rules
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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