welwitschia Who acts: that, leaves, welwitschia, teacher, welwitschias, Kew · What happens: have, keep, grow, tear, curl, think · To what, where: two long leathery leaves, base, messy heap, welwitschias, two leaves, picture
«welwitschia» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: welwitschia in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A very strange desert plant from Namibia and Angola in south-west Africa that has only two long, leathery leaves.
The tree, 20 words det advmod amod compound case nmod cc conj case advmod punct amod nmod nsubj parataxis advmod nummod amod punct amod obj punct root A DET very ADV strange ADJ desert NOUN plant NOUN from ADP Namibia PROPN and CCONJ Angola PROPN in ADP south ADV - PUNCT west ADJ Africa PROPN that PRON has VERB only ADV two NUM long ADJ , PUNCT leathery ADJ leaves NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 plant det 2 very very ADV _ 3 strange advmod 3 strange strange ADJ Degree=Pos 5 plant amod 4 desert desert NOUN Number=Sing 5 plant compound 5 plant plant NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 from from ADP _ 7 Namibia case 7 Namibia Namibia PROPN Number=Sing 5 plant nmod 8 and and CCONJ _ 9 Angola cc 9 Angola Angola PROPN Number=Sing 7 Namibia conj 10 in in ADP _ 14 Africa case 11 south south ADV _ 13 west advmod 12 - - PUNCT _ 11 south punct 13 west west ADJ Degree=Pos 14 Africa amod 14 Africa Africa PROPN Number=Sing 9 Angola nmod 15 that that PRON PronType=Rel 16 has nsubj 16 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 plant parataxis 17 only only ADV _ 18 two advmod 18 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 22 leaves nummod 19 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 22 leaves amod 20 , , PUNCT _ 19 long punct 21 leathery leathery ADJ Degree=Pos 22 leaves amod 22 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 16 has obj 23 . . PUNCT _ 5 plant punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present that two long leathery leaves vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaf=Patient
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 The leaves keep growing from the base for its whole life, getting torn and curled into a messy heap.
The tree, 19 words det nsubj xcomp case det obl case nmod:poss amod obl punct aux:pass parataxis cc conj case det amod obl punct root The DET leaves NOUN keep VERB growing VERB from ADP the DET base NOUN for ADP its PRON whole ADJ life NOUN , PUNCT getting AUX torn VERB and CCONJ curled VERB into ADP a DET messy ADJ heap NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 leaves det 2 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 3 keep nsubj 3 keep keep VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 growing grow VERB VerbForm=Ger 3 keep xcomp 5 from from ADP _ 7 base case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 7 base det 7 base base NOUN Number=Sing 4 growing obl 8 for for ADP _ 11 life case 9 its its PRON Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 11 life nmod:poss 10 whole whole ADJ Degree=Pos 11 life amod 11 life life NOUN Number=Sing 4 growing obl 12 , , PUNCT _ 14 torn punct 13 getting get AUX Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 14 torn aux:pass 14 torn tear VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 3 keep parataxis 15 and and CCONJ _ 16 curled cc 16 curled curl VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 14 torn conj 17 into into ADP _ 20 heap case 18 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 20 heap det 19 messy messy ADJ Degree=Pos 20 heap amod 20 heap heap NOUN Number=Sing 16 curled obl 21 . . PUNCT _ 3 keep punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 keep present the leaves tree rules 2 grow gerund the leaves not said here the base for base's whole life vn build-26.1 «NP V NP PP.material PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent from base=Material for life=Beneficiary 3 tear gerund · passive vn run-51.3.2 «NP V» 4 curl participle a messy heap vn coil-9.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into heap=Destination
Meaning 3 Some welwitschias are thought to be well over a thousand years old.
det nsubj:pass aux:pass mark cop advmod case det nummod obl:unmarked xcomp punct root Some DET welwitschias NOUN are AUX thought VERB to PART be AUX well ADV over ADP a DET thousand NUM years NOUN old ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 welwitschias det 2 welwitschias welwitschia NOUN Number=Plur 4 thought nsubj:pass 3 are be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 thought aux:pass 4 thought think VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass root root 5 to to PART _ 12 old mark 6 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 12 old cop 7 well well ADV Degree=Pos 12 old advmod 8 over over ADP _ 11 years case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 thousand det 10 thousand thousand NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 11 years nummod 11 years year NOUN Number=Plur 12 old obl:unmarked 12 old old ADJ Degree=Pos 4 thought xcomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 4 thought punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 think speech: other present · passive some welwitschias vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme 2 is to-infinitive year old, well property tree rules
Example 1 The welwitschia has only two leaves, but they never stop growing.
det nsubj advmod nummod obj punct cc nsubj advmod parataxis xcomp punct root The DET welwitschia NOUN has VERB only ADV two NUM leaves NOUN , PUNCT but CCONJ they PRON never ADV stop VERB growing VERB . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 welwitschia det 2 welwitschia welwitschia NOUN Number=Sing 3 has nsubj 3 has have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 only only ADV _ 5 two advmod 5 two two NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 6 leaves nummod 6 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 3 has obj 7 , , PUNCT _ 11 stop punct 8 but but CCONJ _ 11 stop cc 9 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 11 stop nsubj 10 never never ADV PronType=Neg 11 stop advmod 11 stop stop VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 3 has parataxis 12 growing grow VERB VerbForm=Ger 11 stop xcomp 13 . . PUNCT _ 3 has punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have present the welwitschia two leaves vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaf=Patient 2 not stop present leaves = leaf vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality 3 grow gerund leaves = leaf not said here vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
Example 2 Our teacher showed us a picture of a welwitschia in the Namib Desert.
nmod:poss nsubj iobj det obj case det nmod case det compound nmod punct root Our PRON teacher NOUN showed VERB us PRON a DET picture NOUN of ADP a DET welwitschia NOUN in ADP the DET Namib PROPN Desert PROPN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Our our PRON Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 2 teacher nmod:poss 2 teacher teacher NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed nsubj 3 showed show VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 us we PRON Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs 3 showed iobj 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 picture det 6 picture picture NOUN Number=Sing 3 showed obj 7 of of ADP _ 9 welwitschia case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 welwitschia det 9 welwitschia welwitschia NOUN Number=Sing 6 picture nmod 10 in in ADP _ 13 Desert case 11 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 13 Desert det 12 Namib Namib PROPN Number=Sing 13 Desert compound 13 Desert Desert PROPN Number=Sing 9 welwitschia nmod 14 . . PUNCT _ 3 showed punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 show past Our teacher a picture of a welwitschia in the Namib Desert us vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient picture=Topic
Example 3 The welwitschia drinks water from the morning fog.
det nsubj obj case det compound obl punct root The DET welwitschia NOUN drinks VERB water NOUN from ADP the DET morning NOUN fog NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 welwitschia det 2 welwitschia welwitschia NOUN Number=Sing 3 drinks nsubj 3 drinks drink VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 4 water water NOUN Number=Sing 3 drinks obj 5 from from ADP _ 8 fog case 6 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 fog det 7 morning morning NOUN Number=Sing 8 fog compound 8 fog fog NOUN Number=Sing 3 drinks obl 9 . . PUNCT _ 3 drinks punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 drink present the welwitschia water the morning fog vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Patient
Example 4 Some welwitschias may be over a thousand years old.
det nsubj aux cop advmod det nummod obl:unmarked punct root Some DET welwitschias NOUN may AUX be AUX over ADV a DET thousand NUM years NOUN old ADJ . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Some some DET PronType=Ind 2 welwitschias det 2 welwitschias welwitschia NOUN Number=Plur 9 old nsubj 3 may may AUX VerbForm=Fin 9 old aux 4 be be AUX VerbForm=Inf 9 old cop 5 over over ADV _ 7 thousand advmod 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 thousand det 7 thousand thousand NUM NumForm=Word NumType=Card 8 years nummod 8 years year NOUN Number=Plur 9 old obl:unmarked 9 old old ADJ Degree=Pos root root 10 . . PUNCT _ 9 old punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is may some welwitschias year old property tree rules
Example 5 The leaves of the welwitschia look like a tangled pile of ribbons.
det nsubj case det nmod case det amod obl case nmod punct root The DET leaves NOUN of ADP the DET welwitschia NOUN look VERB like ADP a DET tangled VERB pile NOUN of ADP ribbons NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 leaves det 2 leaves leaf NOUN Number=Plur 6 look nsubj 3 of of ADP _ 5 welwitschia case 4 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 5 welwitschia det 5 welwitschia welwitschia NOUN Number=Sing 2 leaves nmod 6 look look VERB Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin root root 7 like like ADP _ 10 pile case 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 pile det 9 tangled tangle VERB Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass 10 pile amod 10 pile pile NOUN Number=Sing 6 look obl 11 of of ADP _ 12 ribbons case 12 ribbons ribbon NOUN Number=Plur 10 pile nmod 13 . . PUNCT _ 6 look punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 look infinitive the leaves of the welwitschia like a tangled pile of ribbons vn stimulus_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus 2 tangle participle tree rules
Example 6 Kew Gardens in London grows a welwitschia in a glasshouse.
nsubj flat case nmod det obj case det obl punct root Kew PROPN Gardens PROPN in ADP London PROPN grows VERB a DET welwitschia NOUN in ADP a DET glasshouse NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Kew Kew PROPN Number=Sing 5 grows nsubj 2 Gardens Garden PROPN Number=Plur 1 Kew flat 3 in in ADP _ 4 London case 4 London London PROPN Number=Sing 1 Kew nmod 5 grows grow VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin root root 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 welwitschia det 7 welwitschia welwitschia NOUN Number=Sing 5 grows obj 8 in in ADP _ 10 glasshouse case 9 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 10 glasshouse det 10 glasshouse glasshouse NOUN Number=Sing 5 grows obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 5 grows punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 grow present Kew in London a welwitschia a glasshouse vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location welwitschia=Theme
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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