Lamentations 4:1 אֵיכָה
Who acts: gold · What happens: be, change, hallow, pour out · To what, where: fine gold, hallowed stones, head
This is Lamentations 4:1 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (Ketuvim — the Writings). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — gold — and what happens in the verse to fine gold, hallowed stones, head, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of the Targum and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 5 chapters of Lamentations on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.
אֵיכָה֙ יוּעַ֣ם זָהָ֔ב יִשְׁנֶ֖א הַכֶּ֣תֶם הַטּ֑וֹב תִּשְׁתַּפֵּ֙כְנָה֙ אַבְנֵי־קֹ֔דֶשׁ בְּרֹ֖אשׁ כָּל־חוּצֽוֹת׃ס
How is the gold become dim! How is the most fine gold changed! The hallowed stones are poured out at the head of every street.
The tree
Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | אֵיכָה֙ | אֵיכָה | INTJ | _ | 2 יוּעַ֣ם | discourse | how! |
| 2 | יוּעַ֣ם | עָמַם | VERB | Gender=Masc HebBinyan=HOPHAL Number=Sing Person=3 | root | root | it is dimmed |
| 3 | זָהָ֔ב | זָהָב | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 2 יוּעַ֣ם | nsubj | gold |
| 4 | יִשְׁנֶ֖א | שָׁנָא | VERB | Gender=Masc HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3 | 2 יוּעַ֣ם | parataxis | it is changed |
| 5 | הַ | הַ | DET | PronType=Art | 6 כֶּ֣תֶם | det | the |
| 6 | כֶּ֣תֶם | כֶּתֶם | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 4 יִשְׁנֶ֖א | nsubj | gold |
| 7 | הַ | הַ | DET | PronType=Art | 8 טּ֑וֹב | det | (the) |
| 8 | טּ֑וֹב | טוֹב | ADJ | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 6 כֶּ֣תֶם | amod | pure |
| 9 | תִּשְׁתַּפֵּ֙כְנָה֙ | שָׁפַךְ | VERB | Gender=Fem HebBinyan=HITHPAEL Number=Plur Person=3 | 2 יוּעַ֣ם | parataxis | they lie scattered |
| 10 | אַבְנֵי־ | אֶבֶן | NOUN | Gender=Fem Number=Plur | 9 תִּשְׁתַּפֵּ֙כְנָה֙ | nsubj | stones |
| 11 | קֹ֔דֶשׁ | קֹדֶשׁ | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 10 אַבְנֵי־ | compound:smixut | of holiness |
| 12 | בְּ | בְּ | ADP | _ | 13 רֹ֖אשׁ | case | at [the] |
| 13 | רֹ֖אשׁ | רֹאשׁ | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 9 תִּשְׁתַּפֵּ֙כְנָה֙ | obl | head |
| 14 | כָּל־ | כֹּל | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Sing | 13 רֹ֖אשׁ | compound:smixut | of all |
| 15 | חוּצֽוֹת | חוּץ | NOUN | Gender=Masc Number=Plur | 14 כָּל־ | compound:smixut | [the] streets |
| 16 | ׃ | ׃ | PUNCT | _ | 15 חוּצֽוֹת | punct | |
| 17 | ס | ס | PUNCT | _ | 15 חוּצֽוֹת | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- wh-question
- act
- ask
- voice
- character
- speech
- inside a quote begun earlier
- negation
- no
| verb | form · stem | who (A0) | what, whom (A1) | to whom, further (A2) | who makes it happen (AA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| יוּעַם it is dimmed | yiqtol · hophal | זָהָב gold | |||
| יִשְׁנֶא it is changed | yiqtol · qal | כֶּתֶם gold | |||
| תִּשְׁתַּפֵּכְנָה they lie scattered | yiqtol · hithpael | אַבְנֵי־ stones |
MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.
The Targum
אֵיכְדֵין (כָּהָה) עֲמָא דְהַב בֵּית מוּקְדְּשָׁא אִשְׁתַּנֵּי זִיו פַּלְטִין בְּחִיר מִשְׁתַּדְיָן מַרְגָלָאוָן קָדִּישִׁין בְּרֵישׁ כָּל מְחוֹזִין:
The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.
English, JPS 1917
Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.
- How is the gold become dim!
- How is the most fine gold changed!
- The hallowed stones are poured out at the head of every street.
Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.
English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).
Hebrew sentence wlc:LAM:110.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/ketuvim/LAM.4.1/