Exam question 2 · When Grandma and Grandad need more help

Identify the principal reason for which a fall constitutes a graver risk to an elderly person than to a child.

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, fall · What happens: identify, constitute · To what, where: principal reason, graver risk

This is exam question 2 of lesson 23 «When Grandma and Grandad need more help» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 constitutes	obl
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 fall	det
8	fall	fall	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 constitutes	nsubj
9	constitutes	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 reason	parataxis
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 risk	det
11	graver	graver	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 risk	compound
12	risk	risk	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 constitutes	obj
13	to	to	ADP	_	16 person	case
14	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	16 person	det
15	elderly	elderly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	16 person	amod
16	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 constitutes	obl
17	than	than	ADP	_	20 child	case
18	to	to	ADP	_	20 child	case
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	20 child	det
20	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 constitutes	obl
21	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason					vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	constitute	present	a fall	a graver risk				for the principal reason; to a elderly person; than a child	vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme risk=Pivot

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The elderly invariably fall from a considerably greater height

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 elderly	det
2	elderly	elderly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 fall	nsubj
3	invariably	invariably	ADV	_	4 fall	advmod
4	fall	fall	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	from	from	ADP	_	9 height	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 height	det
7	considerably	considerably	ADV	_	8 greater	advmod
8	greater	great	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	9 height	amod
9	height	height	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 fall	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fall	present	the elderly			a greater height		invariably property	vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from height=Initial_Location

Option 2

The elderly are not permitted to receive hospital treatment

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 elderly	det
2	elderly	elderly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 permitted	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 permitted	aux:pass
4	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 permitted	advmod
5	permitted	permit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	to	to	PART	_	7 receive	mark
7	receive	receive	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 permitted	xcomp
8	hospital	hospital	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 treatment	compound
9	treatment	treatment	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 receive	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not permit	present · passive		the elderly					vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality
2	receive not said to happen	to-infinitive		hospital treatment					vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent treatment=Theme

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The bones of the elderly are thinner and fracture more readily

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bones	det
2	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 thinner	nsubj
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 elderly	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 elderly	det
5	elderly	elderly	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 bones	nmod
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 thinner	cop
7	thinner	thin	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 fracture	cc
9	fracture	fracture	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 thinner	conj
10	more	more	ADV	Degree=Cmp	11 readily	advmod
11	readily	readily	ADV	_	9 fracture	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	the bones of the elderly					thin property	tree rules
2	fracture	present	the bones of the elderly not said here					readily property	vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

Children are immune from injury of any description

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 immune	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 immune	cop
3	immune	immune	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	from	from	ADP	_	5 injury	case
5	injury	injury	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 immune	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 description	case
7	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	8 description	det
8	description	description	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 injury	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Children			injury of any description		immune property	tree rules
2	injure			any description					nom injury «state transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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