Exam question 2 · Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes and apologies

Identify the principal distinction between a person who has been charged with an offence and a person who has been convicted of it.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: identify, charge, convict · To what, where: principal distinction, person

This is exam question 2 of lesson 47 «Viral rumours, cancellations, fakes and apologies» of the adult life course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 distinction	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 distinction	amod
4	distinction	distinction	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	between	between	ADP	_	7 person	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 person	det
7	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 distinction	nmod
8	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 charged	nsubj:pass
9	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 charged	aux
10	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	11 charged	aux:pass
11	charged	charge	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 person	acl:relcl
12	with	with	ADP	_	14 offence	case
13	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 offence	det
14	offence	offence	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 charged	obl
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 person	cc
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 person	det
17	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 offence	conj
18	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	21 convicted	nsubj:pass
19	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	21 convicted	aux
20	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	21 convicted	aux:pass
21	convicted	convict	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	17 person	acl:relcl
22	of	of	ADP	_	23 it	case
23	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	21 convicted	obl
24	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal distinction	between a person	vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent distinction=Theme
2	charge	present · perfect · passive		a person	with a offence and a person	vn equip-13.4.2 «NP V NP-Fulfilling PP»: subject=Recipient with offence=Theme
3	convict	present · perfect · passive		a person	of person	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The former has paid a fine, whereas the latter has been released

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 former	det
2	former	former	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 paid	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 paid	aux
4	paid	pay	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 fine	det
6	fine	fine	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 paid	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 released	punct
8	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	13 released	mark
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 latter	det
10	latter	latter	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 released	nsubj:pass
11	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 released	aux
12	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	13 released	aux:pass
13	released	release	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 paid	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pay	present · perfect · passive		the former					vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP NP»: subject=Recipient fine=Asset
2	release	present · perfect · passive		the latter					vn free-10.6.3-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: subject=Source

Option 2

The former has been found guilty, whereas the latter has merely been accused

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 former	det
2	former	former	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 found	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 found	aux
4	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	5 found	aux:pass
5	found	find	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 found	xcomp
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 accused	punct
8	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	14 accused	mark
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 latter	det
10	latter	latter	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 accused	nsubj
11	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 accused	aux
12	merely	merely	ADV	_	14 accused	advmod
13	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	14 accused	aux:pass
14	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 found	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	find	present · perfect · passive		the former				guilty property	vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic
2	accuse	present · perfect · passive		the latter				merely property	vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme

Option 3

There exists no distinction between the two

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	There	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	2 exists	expl
2	exists	exist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 distinction	det
4	distinction	distinction	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 exists	obj
5	between	between	ADP	_	7 two	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 two	det
7	two	two	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	4 distinction	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exist	present		no distinction		there		between the two	tree rules

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The former has been accused, whereas the latter has been found guilty

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 former	det
2	former	former	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 accused	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 accused	aux
4	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	5 accused	aux:pass
5	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 found	punct
7	whereas	whereas	SCONJ	_	12 found	mark
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 latter	det
9	latter	latter	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 found	nsubj:pass
10	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	12 found	aux
11	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	12 found	aux:pass
12	found	find	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 accused	conj
13	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 found	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accuse	present · perfect · passive		the former					vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme
2	find	present · perfect · passive		the latter				guilty property	vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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